Scharf, Thomas J., History of Delaware, 1609-1888. Volume One- pp. 470-508. CHAPTER XXIV. MEDICINE AND MEDICAL MEN* To attempt now to trace the precise condition of medical science in the State of Delaware during the first hundred years of its history would be a fruitless task, as we have no records bearing upon the subject. It may be assumed, however, that pioneer physicians skilled in their profession who first came here were supplied with all the medical and surgical appliances known to England, Holland and Sweden at that time. An enlightened knowledge of medicine began to develop in Great Britain when the seventeenth century opened, and its fruits were shown among the most progressive of the early settlers on this side of the Atlantic. But there was a large number of the early medical men on this Peninsula who never had the opportunity of acquiring any more knowledge of their profession than was obtained from their preceptors, many of whom were comparatively, speaking, "blind leaders of the blind." We know from what has been handed down by tradition that the faith in the curative powers of the decoctions of some venerable grandmother, were held by many to be superior to the remedies which an educated physician could provide. The fifteenth and the sixteenth centuries had given to the people some good medical works, but there were others made up of absurdities, and the latter were readily adopted by the ignorant. In Egypt, where the healing art was first cultivated, and among the Jews under Moses, the office of priest and physician were often combined in the same person, and such was the case to some extent among the early settlers on the Delaware. The pioneers brought a few medicinal herbs with them, and they were propagated in their gardens. The early settlers were familiar with the virtues and properties of these. The native plants which the American Indians applied in the curing of disease were also used. It was part of the duty of the housewife to store away each year a quantity of hore-hound, boneset, pennyroyal, sassafras sassafras and well known herbs. In every settlement there was some elderly matron of skill and experience in midwifery who attended cases of obstetrics. She was also familiar with the properties of medicinal herbs then in use and applied them in administering to the wants of the sick. When a wound was received, or a bone broken, there was often no surgeon available, and the wound was doubtless treated by unskilled hands, and left to the cool water of the brook or spring to allay the pain and inflammation; the broken bone was placed at rest in the least painful position to the sufferer, and then left to nature to cure. The few scattered skilled physicians on their arrival in this State encountered great difficulties and inconveniences in administering to the wants of the sick. There were few roads through the forests between the settlements, and no bridges across the streams. In many places the trail of the Indian was the only route for them through the wilderness, and their mode of travel was invariably on horseback. But withal, there were a number of educated men who came over and settled in Delaware, or who came here from New England. These were men whose culture was acknowledged by the better class of the people, and who gradually spread the influence of their skill and science by transmission to others, and thus laid the foundation for a more healthy and rational treatment of disease. EARLY PHYSICIANS.— Dr. Tyman Stidham was doubtless the pioneer physician within the territory now embraced in the State of Delaware. He was born in Sweden and seems to have come here with Governor Risingh, sailing from Gottenberg February 2, 1654. The vessel in which he arrived, with other emigrants, landed at Fort Casimir (now New Castle) May 21, 1654. Dr. Stidham afterwards settled at Fort Christina, now known as "The Rocks," within the present limits of Wilmington. When the Swedish rule on the Delaware was overthrown by the Dutch, in 1655, he, with others, took the oath of allegiance to the government of the New Netherlands. He acquired a large tract of land under Dutch patents which were confirmed by Governor Francis Lovelace, May 23, 1671, and a portion of Wilmington occupies the site of the original grant. Dr. Stidham made affidavit, January 4, 1656, of the cure of some soldiers, under Captain Smetz, at Fort Christina. On February 20, 1662, William Beekman, vice-director of the West India Company, wrote from Christina that Jacob De Commer, the city surgeon, sent here from Amsterdam, Holland, had been discharged. He recommended the appointment of Tyman Stidham to the position. In a letter dated September 14, 1662, Beekman mentions him as Tyman Stidham, the surgeon. During the progress of a court trial in the Fort, April 7, 1663, the record mentions the fact that "Tyman Stidham was called to bleed a man." Dr. Stidham died in 1686. He was twice married, and had several children, whose descendants are in Delaware and other States.** Dr. John Rhoads was an early settler at Horekill, in what is now Sussex County. On November 28, 1673, he was appointed a magistrate, and the following year was murdered by the Indians. Thomas Spry was a physician and an attorney among the early emigrants to the lower part of New Castle County. Some of the old records designate "Doctor Swamp" and "Doctor Creek" as certain tracts of lands owned by him.*** Spry’s name appears on many petitions for roads and other legal records until the time of his death, in 1685. Dr. John Des Jardins practiced medicine in what is now Kent County as early as May 15, 1675, and on that day received a patent for a tract of land on St. Jones’ Creek, previously belonging to Dr. Wholebat. He died in November, 1678. James Crawford, who is called a doctor on the early assessment rolls, succeeded him. Dr. Smith resided on a tract of land which he bought near Horekill in 1676. Hans Peterson practiced medicine in New Castle County in 1676, and during that year Maurice Powell petitioned the court to be relieved from paying Peterson a doctor’s bill of one year’s standing on the plea that from the treatment administered he had lost the use of "his body, so that he could not support his wife and family." Peterson testified in his own behalf that the maltreatment was the result of a mistake He was ordered to pay the costs of the suit and one hundred and fifty guilders damages. Dr. Daniel Wills came to New Castle, October 5, 1677, in the ship "Marther" from Hull, England. Dr. Thomas Wynne, a member of the first General Assembly of Pennsylvania of 1683, from Philadelphia, and became its first Speaker. He was a Quaker, and, before he came over with William Penn, had followed his profession in the city of London. He took an active part in politics, and became a resident at Lewes in 1685. Dr. Charles Haynes, of Lewes, in 1695, was "bound over to keep the peace for using his lance to cut an arm without cause." He died in 1708. Dr. John Stewart was sheriff of New Castle County in 1702. Dr. Peter Clowes settled in Broadkill Hundred and was in practice there before 1735 In 1743 he was elected sheriff of Sussex County. He is not known to have left any descendants. The farm upon which he resided is now owned by Jesse E. Dodd. Dr. Cheetwod practiced in St. George’s Hundred in 1746; Dr. Reese Jones, of Christiana Bridge, died prior to 1756; Drs. Matthew McKinney, David Thomas and David Thompson during the Revolution were in Red Lion Hundred. The following members of the Delaware regiment in the Revolutionary War were then or subsequently known as practicing physicians: Joseph Hall, Charles Ridgely, Matthew Wilson, J. Augustus Jackson, James Jones, John Miller, David Stewart William Molleston, Thomas Macdonough, Thomas Nixon, Nicholas Way and James Rench. Dr. Samuel Platt lived in Newark in 1772; Dr. Nathaniel Silsbee in St. George’s in 1779; Dr. Robert Baynes in Mill Creek Hundred, on "the Limestone Road," in 1780. The last-named died in 1804, as did also Dr. Kithcart. Drs. Nathan Thomas and William Carpenter were in St. George’s in 1797, and Henry Merritt and Henry Peterson in 1804 and Drs. John Kern and John Finney in Christiana in 1798. The latter lived in New Castle in 1758. Dr. Nathan Thomas, April 14, 1797, inoculated four persons at Port Penn; and seven days thereafter Fanny Riddle, one of them, was ill with the "fever of the small-pox." Her three brothers Cornelius, Daniel and James, developed the same disease on the following day. Dr. Robert Wiltbank was an early physician at Millboro’, and died there while a member of the Legislature. Dr. William Murray lived in North East Fork Hundred in 1764, and Dr. John Derrickson at St. Johnstown in 1796, and twenty years later, in 1816, Dr. Joseph Sudler, father of Dr. William Sudler, now of Bridgeville was a prominent physician. Dr. Simon K. Wilson practiced at Dagsboro’, in 1825. Dr. Joseph Maull, in 1809, practiced at Broad Kill. He was the father of Dr. George Maull, who graduated in medicine in 1831. Dr. John White died at Lewes in 1829 aged fifty-four years. He practiced there a quarter of a century. Dr. Samuel A. Hall, a native of Baltimore Hundred, studied medicine with Dr. Jacob Wolfe, of Lewes, and in 1800 settled in his native place and practiced until 1853, when he died. Dr. Henry Fisher was probably the first physician of eminence in the territory now known as Delaware. He came to this country from Waterford, Ireland, in 1725, and the vessel in which he was a passenger anchoring in the roads of Lewes, he, with several other gentlemen, went ashore for recreation. Dr. Fisher was so much pleased with the town and its surroundings that he concluded to locate there and accordingly sent for his wife to come over. The latter soon reached New Castle and journeyed thence to Lewes on horseback. Dr. Fisher obtained at once an extensive and lucrative practice and was frequently called over into Kent County, Maryland, for consultation in serious cases. He stood unrivaled in his profession and was the only regularly educated medical practitioner in Sussex during his life. Dr. Fisher repeatedly declined tempting offers, brought to him through his wide reputation, to go to Philadelphia, and remained at his home in Lewes. His residence was patterned after the English country-seats, and from its elegant construction and beauty his neighbors called it "a paradise." Dr. Fisher died in 1748, leaving a widow, two daughters and a son. The latter, Henry Fisher, was afterwards a prominent citizen and rendered valuable service to the merchants of Philadelphia. He was also an important aid to the government during the Revolutionary War, using his pilot and whale-boats as a medium of obtaining information which proved of inestimable value to the Continental forces. The Delaware State Medical Society is one of the oldest institutions of the kind in this country, being probably antedated only by the Massachusetts and the New Jersey Medical Societies. It was incorporated in the year 1789, February 3d, by the Legislature of Delaware, on behalf of the following corporators, resident physicians of the State— viz: John McKinly, Nicholas Way, Jonas Preston, Ebenezer Smith, George Monro, Thomas Macdonough, Joshua Clayton, Ezekiel Needham, James Tilton, William Molleston, Edward Miller, James Sykes, Nathaniel Luff, Robert Cook, Matthew Wilson, Joseph Hall, John Marsh, John Polk, John Stephens Hill, Julius Augustus Jackson, William McMechen, Henry Latimer, James McCallmont, Joseph Capelle, Archibald Alexander, Henry Peterson and Levarius Hooker Lee. The name and title of the society as conferred by the Legislature was, and still is, "The President and Fellows of the Medical Society of Delaware," and its powers were such as are usually granted to such corporations. In pursuance of the act of Assembly, the first meeting of the society was held at Dover, May 12, 1789. It was called to order by Dr. James Tilton, who was unanimously elected chairman pro tem., and Dr. Edward Miller was chosen secretary. A committee consisting of Drs. Preston and Miller was appointed to prepare a draft of a constitution. The committee reported in the evening, and the constitution was ratified, after which the following were elected officers of the society for the ensuing year: President, James Tilton, M.D.; Vice-President, Jonas Preston, M.D.; Secretary, Edward Miller, M.D.; Treasurer, James Sykes; Censors, Nicholas Way, M.D., Matthew Wilson, M.D., D.D., Joshua Clayton, Nathaniel Luff. In May, 1790, Dr. Edward Miller delivered at Dover the first anniversary oration of the society, which early showed its public spirit by raising a fund for the presentation of a premium upon some subject of general medical or hygienic interest.(4*) The first subject proposed and adopted was "What is the origin and nature of the noxious power which especially prevails in hot and moist climates during summer and autumn, and produces intermittent and remittent fevers, and certain other diseases; and by what means may this insalubrity of climate be corrected, and the diseases thence arising be most successfully prevented and treated?" A "program" containing the conditions to be observed by the competitors, whether in the United States or elsewhere, was published in English and Latin, and it concluded as follows: "The interesting nature of this question must appear on the most cursory observation. A large portion of the earth, and especially those countries which otherwise enjoy the richest blessings of nature, are, from this cause, annually subject to sickness and depopulation. And it may be safely affirmed, that of all the sources of disease incident to mankind, this is one of the most extensive, malignant and fatal. "A successful investigation of the origin and nature of this morbid principle would greatly enlarge the boundaries of science, and advance the comfort and happiness of society, and whoever shall discover a certain and easy method of correcting its virulent effects, while he renders a splendid service to medical philosophy, will have a just claim to the applause of his contemporaries, and to the gratitude of posterity. "The society acknowledges and laments the obscurity which involves this question, trusting, however, that this objection, though formidable at first view, will deter no person from inquiry so pregnant with importance, ability and reputation. The obscurity, how great so ever it may be admitted to be, implies not any absolute inscrutability. "At the same time that the society deprecates the censure of the learned world for the indulgence of expectation, which eventually may prove to have been over-sanguine, it still hopes that the discovery now contemplated is within the reach of the human mind, assisted by the enlightened views of modern science, and animated by the enterprise and ardor which distinguish the present inquisitive and philosophic age." It was a most creditable step on the part of the society to propose a prize dissertation on this obscure subject; and it does not derogate from the scientific character of its Fellows, that the paper or papers presented were, after a critical analysis, decided to fail of successful competition, on account chiefly, as stated by the committee, "of the assumption of many facts without evidence, the want of experimental inquiry and the defect of all original discovery." At various meetings, either on their introduction as members, or subsequently, the following were among the subjects on which papers were presented by the members: Dr. Snow on "Ophthalmia;" Dr. Barrett on "The Influenza;" Dr. Capelle on "The Taenia in the bowels of rats;" Dr. Tilton on "Cholera Infantum;" Dr. Theo. Wilson on "Phthisis Pulmoualis;" Dr. David Bush on "Small-pox;" on an "Epidemic of Bilious Colic in Dover," on a case of "Typhus Fever," on a case of "Hydrocephalus Internus successfully treated by mercury," on "Cholera Infantum," on "Succedanea for Peruvian Bark;" all by Dr. Edward Miller. It is recorded in the minutes of one of the meetings in 1795 that a printed communication was received from Dr. Samuel L. Mitchell, Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, and Professor of Chemistry, Natural History and Agriculture in the College of New York, entitled, "Remarks on the gaseous oxide of azote, or nitrogen, when generated in the stomach, inhaled into the lungs, or applied to the skin; being an attempt to ascertain the true nature of contagion, and to explain thereupon the phenomena of fever." At the same meeting a paper was presented by Dr. Edward Miller, entitled, "A cursory view of the question whether the noxious power producing intermittent and remittent fever originates from a deficiency of oxygen gas, or the generation of a positive poisonous gas in certain insalutary portions of the atmosphere." In 1791 Dr. James Sykes delivered by appointment the anniversary oration; in 1793 Dr. David Bush fulfilled the same appointment; in 1793 Dr. Laws; Dr. Allen McLane in 1812; and in the same year a paper was presented by Dr. Harris "on the final cause of the diseases, death and dissolution of the human body." In 1823 Dr. McLane was appointed to deliver a eulogy on the life and character of Dr. James Tilton, which, with the oration of Dr. Wm. D. Brincklé on Medical Education, was published by the society; and in 1824, Dr. J F. Vaughan read a memoir on the life of Dr. James Sykes, which was also printed. These are but a few of the deliverances before the society in its earlier history. The original charter of this society only contemplated an association for the promotion of the unanimity and scientific and practical advancement of the profession of medicine in the State. But at the instance of the Society, the Legislature, in the years 1819,’20,’21,’22 and ’35, conferred upon the society the authority to appoint annually a body from their own number, to be called the "Board of Medical Examiners," with power to permit any applicant to practice medicine and surgery within the State, upon the presentation of a diploma conferred by a reputable college of medicine, or who otherwise submitted to a full, strict and impartial examination by the board, and read a satisfactory thesis upon some medical subject; and the Assembly also imposed a penalty upon any one who should practice medicine in the State without proper authority from this board. The charter of this society and of this board of Medical Examiners still exist, although the powers of the latter have been much restricted since the year 1835. With a few intervals of torpor, the society has continued in active operation to the present time, exercising a beneficent social as well as professional influence by striving to maintain the standard of medical requirement and of moral character; and thus, as we think, its labors have not been in vain. The several presidents of the society and the date of their election were:— James Tilton, 1789; James Sykes, 1822; Arnold Naudain, 1823; Allen McLane, 1824; Arnold Naudain, 1828; Allen McLane, 1829; James Lofland, 1830; W.W. Morris, 1832; John F. Vaughan, 1834; James Couper, 1835; James W. Thompson, 1841; W.W. Morris, 1845; J.D. Perkins, 1849; Henry F. Askew, 1851; James R. Mitchell, 1855; J. Merritt, 1856; Isaac Jump, 1857; R.R. Porter, 1858; E.D. Dailey, 1859; Lewis P. Bush, 1860; Gove Saulsbury, 1861; J.F. Wilson, 1862; W.N. Hamilton, 1863; James Couper, 1864; Albert Whitely, 1865; James A. Draper, 1866; Charles H. Richards, 1867; J.W. Sharp, 1868; William Marshall, 1869; T.S. Vallandingham, 1870; J.E. Clawson, 1871; R.G. Ellegood, 1872; Swithin Chandler, 1873; Nathan Pratt, 1874; Henry F. Askew, 1875; John J. Black, 1876; William T. Collins, 1877; Hiram Burton, 1878; John K. Kane, 1879; Ezekiel Dawson, 1880; David H. Hall, 1881; Howard Ogle, 1882; Robert W. Hargadine, 1883; Charles H. Richards, 1884; Read J. McKay, 1885; George W. Marshall, 1886. Dr. James Tilton was born in Kent County, Delaware, in 1745. His father, who died when he was only three years of age, left but a small estate, sufficient, however, to enable his mother to afford him the opportunity of a classical education at Nottingham Academy, Maryland, under the Rev. Samuel Finley, afterwards president of Princeton College. On leaving Nottingham he entered the Medical Department of the University of Pennsylvania, and was graduated in the year 1771, six years after the organization of the Medical Department of the University. He immediately entered upon the practice of his profession at Dover, Kent County, Delaware, and was beginning to achieve a reputation for ability and conscientious devotion to his duties when the independence of the United States was agitated. In 1775 he addressed a letter to his friend and classmate in the University of Pennsylvania, Dr. Jonathan Elmer, of Bridgeton, New Jersey, upon the critical condition of affairs in this country, and expressed his determination, if the colonies should take up arms, to offer his services in their defense. He afterwards showed his earnestness and sincerity by becoming the first lieutenant of a company of light infantry; but after the Declaration of Independence he was appointed surgeon in the First Delaware Regiment. He was with the Continental forces at Long Island and White Plains, and in the subsequent retreat to the Delaware River. In 1777 he was in charge of the General Hospital at Princeton, New Jersey, where great neglect and consequent suffering existed among the troops, he himself narrowly escaping death from an attack of fever contracted there. Said he, "It would be shocking to humanity to relate the history of our General Hospital in the years 1777 and ’78, when disease swallowed up at least one-half of the army, owing to a fatal tendency in the system to throw all the sick of the army into a general hospital, whence crowding, infection and general mortality resulted, too affecting to mention." Convinced that much of this was owing to the union of the Directing and Purveying Departments in the same person, he afterwards wrote as follows: "I mention it without a design to reflect on any man, that in the fatal year, 1777, when the Director-General had the entire direction of the practice in our hospitals as well as the disposal of the stores, he was interested in the increase of sickness and consequent increase of expense, as far, at least, as he would be profited by a greater amount of money passing through his hands." In the winter of 1779–80 the sufferings of the sick in the tent hospitals was very great, and although an improved system, free from overcrowding, was recommended by Dr. John Jones, Professor of Surgery in King’s College, New York, it had not been adopted. Doctor Tilton was at that time in charge of the General Hospital at Trenton, New Jersey, and to him has been ascribed the origination of a new system of hospital construction by the erection of log-huts, roughly built, so as to admit of free ventilation through the crevices. The floors of these buildings were hardened clay, and each was intended to accommodate not more than six men. The fire-place was in the centre, and the smoke escaped through a hole at the top.(5*) The result reached his highest expectations; the typhus fever patients rapidly improved, and the plan was generally adopted. General Washington, in a letter, September 9, 1780, writing of a proposed reorganization and consequent decrease of the force in the medical department, spoke of Dr. Tilton as a gentleman of great merit, and who had a just claim to be retained. In September, 1781, through the exertion chiefly of Dr. Tilton, an act was passed by Congress providing for promotion by seniority in the medical corps. About this time Dr. Tilton was elected a professor in the University of Pennsylvania, which honor he declined, unwilling to desert his situation in the service of his country. After the surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown he returned to his native State, and recommenced the practice of his profession in Dover, in 1782. He was a member of Congress in 1782, and repeatedly served in the Legislature of his own State. Finding that the influence of malaria, then so abundant in Kent County, was undermining his health, he removed to Wilmington, New Castle County, and there resumed his profession. Soon afterwards he was appointed by the government commissioner of loans, which was a great relief pecuniarily, as he had entered and left the army without money. This office, however, he soon relinquished on account of a change of the national administration, with which he did not coincide. With a reputation well established, his professional services were much sought; and the highest confidence was reposed in him, both by his patients and professional brethren, as a moat honorable man and judicious physician. He continued thus in full practice for several years, when, having purchased a small farm adjoining the town, he removed thither. On this delightful spot, which commands a view of the Delaware, Christiana and Brandywine Rivers, with the town and also the intervening country of many miles in breadth, so beautifully interspersed with fields and woods, he built his house of the blue granite which underlies the ridge, and there removed, expecting to be permitted to enjoy his remaining years, disengaged from the more arduous duties of his profession. Fond of horticulture and pomology, he adorned his grounds with flowers and fruits, and here he administered to the diseased, or entertained his friends at his frugal but hospitable table, upon the products of his own farm. At this time most of the surgeons who had acquired reputation in the War of the Revolution were either superannuated or had died, and the government of the United States, having declared war with Great Britain, remembered his valuable services to the country, and, recalling him to its aid, appointed him surgeon-general of the army of the United States. After much reflection and with much reluctance, on account of his age and impaired health, he consented to afford his ripe experience and sound judgment to his country, having received assurance that his duties would be chiefly administrative, and his headquarters generally at Washington.(6*) On the acceptance of this appointment Dr. Tilton considered it his duty to visit and inspect the hospitals on the Northern frontier. At Sackett’s Harbor he found that the troops under General Dearborn, which had been concentrated during the winter, had been visited by severe sickness, and the hospitals were filthy and neglected as to their hygienic condition. He immediately convened the medical board, broke up the hospital there, and established it at Watertown, twelve miles distant. Along the Northern frontier he introduced his hospital regulations, and the benefits were soon visible in the improved health of the army. Of the second visit contemplated to the North, he was disappointed by the occurrence of a tumor on his neck, and on the disappearance of this, a formidable tumor attacked his knee, which, after causing much suffering, necessitated the amputation of his thigh. This operation was performed December 7, 1815, at his residence, probably by Dr. Physick, assisted by Dr. Smith, of Wilmington, and others. He bore the amputation with surprising fortitude and calmness, showing no sign of suffering, although then just beyond seventy years of age.(7*) He survived the operation, but died May 14, 1822, in his seventy-fifth year. About the year 1857 his remains were disinterred, and deposited in the Wilmington and Brandywine Cemetery, and the Delaware State Medical Society took measures for erecting a monument to his memory by the appointment of a committee, of which the late Dr. Henry F. Askew was chairman. This memorial now stands in his burial-place, a fitting tribute to a great and good man. Besides the work on Military Hospitals above mentioned, Dr. Tilton prepared and published the following papers: "Observations on the Yellow Fever;" "Letters to Dr. Duncan on Several Cases of Rabies Canina;" also a second one on the same subject; "Observations on the Curculio;" "On the Peach-Tree and its Diseases" "A letter to Dr. Rush Approving of Bleeding in Yellow Fever;" and oration in 1790 as president of the Delaware Society of the Cincinnati; "Queries on the Present State of Husbandry in Delaware." The subject of his thesis for the degree of Bachelor of Medicine was "Respiration," and his inaugural dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Medicine in 1771 was "Hydrops." He also published his observations "On the Beneficial Effects of Sea-air Upon Children Suffering from Cholera Infantum or Chronic Diarrhoea," and recommended the town of Lewes, Delaware, as a proper place of resort in such cases. Some of these papers were read before the Delaware Medical Society, and some were published in the Medical Repository. We are indebted to a memorial address delivered by Dr. Allen McLane, of Wilmington, Delaware, before the State Medical Society in 1823, for many of the facts in the foregoing paper; and to Dr. Toner, of Washington, for a part of the above list of Dr. Tilton’s papers. Dr. Edward Miller, one of the corporators of the Delaware State Medical Society, was born near Dover, Delaware, in the year 1760. He was the son of Rev. John Miller, A.M., who removed from Boston, Massachusetts, to Dover, where he resided forty-three years, in charge of the Presbyterian Church. He was a ripe scholar, and well versed in the Hebrew, Latin and Greek languages. His son, Edward, received his primary training in classical literature with his father, and afterwards took a collegiate course at Newark Academy, Delaware, under the tuition of Rev. Francis Allison and Alexander McDowell. His preceptor was Dr. Charles Ridgley, of Dover, but before he had concluded his studies, he entered the army as surgeon’s mate, and afterwards as surgeon to an army ship. On his return home he resumed his studies at the University of Pennsylvania, and was graduated in medicine in 1785, the subject of his thesis being De Physconia Splenica." He then returned to Sussex County to enter upon the practice of medicine. At the first session of the Delaware Medical Society he was called upon, although then only five years from his graduattion, to deliver the inaugural address, In 1793 he prepared a paper defending the theory of the domestic origin of yellow fever, then for the first time prevalent in Philadelphia, a copy of which he sent to Dr. Benj. Rush, who was led from its perusal to declare its author, second to no physician in the United States.’ In 1796 he removed to New York, and there, in conjunction with Dr. Mitchell and Dr. Elihu Smith, established the Medical Repository, the first medical journal issued in the United States. This work everywhere bears the marks of his genius and cultivation, by the brilliancy of his style, his lucid arguments, his originality and varied knowledge. He became port physician of the city of New York, Professor of the Practice of Physic in the University of New York, one of the Physicians of the New York Hospital and a member of the Philosophical Society of Philadelphia. His reputation and the attractiveness of his writings brought him into correspondence with eminent men in Great Britain, Germany and France. In the Medical Repository of A.D. 1800, Dr. Miller published some observations on cholera infantum in which he recommended calomel and opium in that disease, in a different form from that prescribed either by Drs Cullen, Rush or Physic Believing the liver to be involved materially in the production of the disease which bore that name, and considering that opiates and aromatics alone were merely temporizing remedies, he suggested the use of calomel in addition, in small doses: to wit, for a child two years of age, opium, gr. 1–6, calomel gr. 1–3, every two, three or four hours as required. In another paper he elaborated the importance of abstemiousness in warding off the effects of the malarial poison, and also its value as a remedy. Another paper is devoted to the "Medical Laws of Evidence," which he considered necessary to set forth in consideration of the deceptions which everywhere abounded on this point. In 1806, while port physician of New York, he reiterated the convictions which he retained, after having passed through the epidemics of 1798 and 1803, on the subject of "the domestic origin of yellow fever and its non-contagiousness." He was also an advocate of the use of water in fevers. The death of Dr. Miller, which took place March 17, 1812, at the age of fifty-two years, was universally lamented, and by no one, outside of his own relations, more than by Doctor Rush, who wrote a touching memorial of his life, as did also other distinguished physicians of that time. Dr. Nathaniel Luff (8*) was also one of the incorporators of the Delaware Medical Society. His father, Hugh Luff, same from England in the latter part of the seventeenth century, and took up land from William Penn on the western shore of the Delaware Bay. He had two sons, Nathaniel and Caleb Nathaniel settled in Mispillion Hundred and died there; and Caleb’s residence was in St. Jones’ Hundred Caleb was a member of the State Legislature during the Revolution, and warmly supported the cause. He had two sons, Nathaniel and John. Nathaniel, the subject of this sketch, was born in St. Jones’ Neck, Kent Co., April 23, 1756. His father was a farmer in comfortable cirstances, and his mother, Mary, was an intelligent woman. She was partially educated in Philadelphia, and was a member of the Episcopal Church, in the principles of which denomination she instructed her son. Nathaniel’s education commenced in Dover in the care of Rev. Charles Inglis, afterwards bishop of Nova Scotia. From this school he was sent to Philadelphia to receive a classical course. During this period his mother died and his grandmother deeded to him her property, reserving an annuity of £60. On leaving the institution where he was educated he commenced the study of medicine with Dr. Glentworth, of Philadelphia, who had studied medicine first with Dr. Jno. Hunter, and afterwards in Scotland, and attended the medical lectures of Drs. Shippen and Chovet. Before his graduation, in 1776, he entered the army as assistant surgeon. After his first campaign he was promoted to the post of surgeon in a battalion from old Chester, under the command of Colonel Hugh Lloyd. In an interval from duty he attended the lectures of Dr. Benjamin Rush on chemistry and practice of medicine, Dr. Shippen’s course of anatomy and Dr. Bond’s chemical lectures. Toward the close of 1776, being then twenty years of age, Dr. Luff was made surgeon of the First Battalion of the city of Philadelphia, commanded by Colonel Morgan, which of the 25th of December was ordered to cross to New Jersey. The command was present at the repulse of the British at the Trenton Bridges.(9*) These soldiers were wretchedly provided for, almost destitute of clothing, and of the necessaries of life, and the officers but little better off. Soon afterwards this battalion was discharged, at the expiration of their term of service. By the advice of Hon. Caesar Rodney, then a member of Congress from Delaware, Dr. Luff left Philadelphia and went down to some point between Dover and Lewes, and engaged in the practice of medicine. Not feeling the necessity of such an arduous life, amid malaria, swamps, constant work and very little pay, he removed, with his wife, the sister of Dr. F. Fisher, whom he had recently married, to a farm on Mispillion Creek, where he resolved to engage rather in agriculture than the practice of medicine. At the time he abandoned practice in his first settlement the people were generally very poor, and six to eight hundred bushels of grain were paid frequently for an ordinary home, while salt was from £3 to £5 per bushel. After the death of his father, Dr. Luff removed to Frederica, where he resumed the practice of medicine in 1797. Becoming somewhat embarrassed in finances, he again removed to his farm in St. Jones’ Neck; but soon after concluded to go to Wilmington, where his wife died. Dr. Luff then abandoned the practice of medicine finally, and having joined the Society of Friends, of which his wife had been a member, he spent his time chiefly in traveling and attending upon their religious assemblies in Kent and New Castle Counties, Philadelphia and the Eastern Shore counties of Maryland. In September, 1798, he married Lydia Boon, widow of John Boon, of Frederica, and daughter of Garrett Sipple, near Camden. Soon afterwards he removed to Maryland, near Greensboro, into a small house, which had belonged to Mrs. Luff’s former husband; but in a short time returned to Frederica. From this time until 1805 he seems to have spent his time in attending the various meetings of the Quakers, partly from religious motives, and partly to obtain the influence of the Friends at those meetings in arranging some business affairs connected with the estate of James Boon, but paying little attention to his medical practice. He stated that he had resigned his position as censor of the Delaware State Medical Society, and also as a fellow, long before the year 1798, not believing that the advancement of medical science was the principal object of the society, "but the loaves and fishes," — an opinion in which the fellows of this society ninety years later will not be disposed to coincide. Judging from his diary, Dr. Luff was evidently an intelligent and cultivated man; erratic in disposition and not much attached to his profession, but conscientious in the discharge of his religious duties, and while in the Society of Friends he was doubtless a prominent member, not rising, because of natural timidity, to the position of a teacher in their assemblies. He died January 21, 1806, at Frederica. Dr. John McKinley was born in Ireland, February 24, 1721. He resided in Wilmington and practiced his profession for some years. In 1777 he was elected President of the State of Delaware, being the first to fill that office after the formation of the Constitution of the State. On the evening after the battle of Brandywine, September 13, 1777, a detachment of British troops entered the town of Wilmington, and having learned where the President resided, made their way in the dark to his house, took him prisoner and carried him to Philadelphia.(10*) During the summer of 1778, Dr. McKinley was permitted to return home on parole. In the mean time, however, Caesar Rodney had been elected President of the State. Dr. McKinley resided in Wilmington during his Presidency until captured, and on his release returned to that city. He erected a large and commodious dwelling at the corner of Third and French Streets and laid out a garden, ornamented with rare flowers and fruit trees. Among those who enjoyed his hospitality was Archibald Hamilton Rowan, the Irish refugee, whose hut was on the Brandywine near the town, and who ostensibly supported himself by the product of his own labor, bringing it into the town on a wheelbarrow. Mr. Rowan was the intimate friend not only of Dr. McKinley, but also of Mr, Poole, Robert Hamilton, Caesar Rodney and other of the best citizens of the place. He was eventually restored to his family and estate on the coast of Ireland. Dr. McKinley died August 31, 1796, and was buried in the cemetery of the First Presbyterian Church of Wilmington, a pillar at the front of which commemorated his bounty to that church. Although a Presbyterian, he at one time offered to the vestry of the Old Swedes Church a lot of ground at the corner of Seventh and Market Streets if they would build a church there, which, however, they declined to do. On the slab which marks his grave is the following inscription: "This monument is erected in memory of John McKinley, who was born in the Kingdom of Ireland on the 24th of February, 1721, and died in this town on the 31st of August, 1796. He settled early in life in this country, and, pursuing the practice of physic, soon became eminent in his profession. He served in several important public employments and particularly was the first person who filled the office of President of the State after the Declaration of Independence. He died, full of years, having passed a long life usefully to the public, and honorably to himself." He was one of the founders of the Delaware Medical Society. Dr. Matthew Wilson (11*) was born in Chester County, Pennsylvania, in 1729. His education was directed by Francis Allison, D.D., who stood at the head of the educators of that day, and recognized the native ability and earnestness in study of his pupil. The direction of his mind on leaving the seminary of Dr. Allison was to theological studies, which he accordingly prosecuted with his natural enthusiasm, and connected himself with the Synod of New York and Philadelphia, of which he was a member for thirty-five years, and to which he was always an ornament and an honor. The most satisfactory testimony to his usefulness and ability is shown by the fact that he was selected a principal member of a committee to prepare the" New Constitution of the Presbyterian Church in the United States." "As a Christian, his piety was fervent, uniform, enlightened and full of good works. As a preacher he was learned, orthodox, solemn and instructive." Dissatisfied, however, with one profession and believing himself able in body and mind to undergo the labors of another, he studied medicine with Dr. McDowell, who was also a divine, a physician and a linguist. "For nearly twenty-four years the joint functions of minister of the gospel and physician were sustained and discharged by him with an ability and popularity which demonstrated that he was a man of extraordinary talents, attainments and energy." From the results of his medical practice he chiefly obtained the support for his family. He wrote an able compend of medicine, which he called a "Therapeutic Alphabet." It was prepared for the press, used by himself, and transcribed by his students, but never published. He also wrote and published a "History of a Malignant Fever," which prevailed in Sussex County, Delaware, in 1774, in Aitkin’s American Magazine; also, "Observations on the Severity of the Cold during the Winter of 1779–80 "in the "Transactions of the American Philosophical Society;" also an essay on the diseases arising from the air, attempting to show that most diseases are caused by miasmata in the air, with an enumeration of some of them: in Carey’s American Museum, vol. iv. 1786. For a number of years before his death, in addition to his other employments, he engaged in the direction and care of an academy, and in this his energy, learning and affability were conspicuous. In these three important employments Dr. Wilson labored with a constancy and an ardor equaled by few. His aim was without bound, or at least bounded only by his comprehensive powers, and his efforts for the good of others knew no weariness. His death occurred March 31, 1790, in Lewes, in the sixty first year of his age. Dr. Wilson was an ardent Republican and a friend of his country’s liberty. He warmly favored the measures adopted by the citizens of Philadelphia, previous to the Revolution, in opposition to the arbitrary measures of the mother country. He opposed the Stamp Act, encouraged his friends and parishioners in the non-importation agreement, and when the vessels brought the tea to the Delaware River, on which three pence per pound was to be paid (but which was not permitted to go to Philadelphia), he resolved to drink no more of that refreshing beverage nor introduce it into his family He also opposed the use of it by his pen, showing its unfriendly effects as they appeared to him, and enumerated seventeen vegetables which he proposed as substitutes for it. This paper was published in Aitkin’s American Magazine, of which Thomas Paine was editor. But the doctor’s resolution was forced to yield at home, when on a one occasion, his wife’s sister brought from Philadelphia some tea which, she said, had not paid the duty. The following instance of his refined honesty occurred much to the amazement of his friends. At the close of the American War a vessel was shipwrecked near Lewes, and her cargo was sold. The doctor attended and purchased a cask of aniseed cordial. Upon opening it he found a large bottle marked oil of rhodium. Alarmed at the discovery, he ran to the auctioneer and announced the fact, requesting him to send for the bottle and sell it again. The auctioneer replied that he would neither send for the bottle nor take it if sent to him, for if instead of oil of rhodium he had found brickbats, he should pay the price at which the cask was knocked off to him. The cask and oil of rhodium were sent to Philadelphia and sold for ten times their first cost. Dr. Wilson was buried in the Presbyterian Church cemetery at Lewes, Delaware. He was the father of the distinguished divine, the late James P. Wilson, D.D. of the First Presbyterian Church of Philadelphia, and of Theodore Wilson, who was shot in the hotel in Lewes, Delaware. Dr. Charles Ridgely was born in Salem, New Jersey, Jan. 26, 1735. He was the son of Nicholas Ridgely, of Dover, Delaware, and Mary Vining, widow of Benjamin Vining, who resided near Salem, New Jersey. Soon after his birth his parents removed to Delaware, and he received his early education in Dover. To obtain a knowledge of medicine at that time was no easy matter in this country; but his parents were able to give him all available advantages, and sent him to Philadelphia, where he prosecuted his studies in the Academy of Philadelphia. Dr. Phineas Bond was his medical preceptor His life was spent in the practice of his profession in Dover; but his talents, cultivation and honorable character were the means of his being called to a variety we of public offices, which he filled, in conjunction with his private duties, with much credit to himself and satisfaction to the community. He died November 25, 1785, of pneumonia, which followed a severe attack of bilious remittent fever, the result of fatigue and exposure in the discharge of his professional duties. His son, Nicholas Ridgely, was chancellor of the State. Dr. Joshua Clayton, another of the incorporators of the Delaware Medical Society, was his born in Cecil County, Maryland, in 1744. He was the son of John Clayton, who, with his brother Paul, came to this country with William Penn. To John Clayton Mr. Penn gave an inheritance in Little Creek Hundred, and to Paul he of gave lands in Penn’s Manor, Pennsylvania. Dr. Clayton acted as surgeon or assistant surgeon at the battle of Brandywine. He married Mrs. McCleary, daughter of Governor Bassett. He was the last President of Delaware and afterwards Governor for two terms. He was elected to the Senate of the United States, and while in attendance at its session in Philadelphia, in 1798, was seized with yellow fever. Doctor Rush, with whom he was intimate, and whom he had assisted in the care of his yellow fever patients, desired him to remain in Philadelphia under his care, but Dr. Clayton declined to do this and proceeded to his home, where he died from the effects of the disease, at the age of fifty-four. Dr. Clayton had three sons— Dr. James L. Clayton, a surgeon in the United States service, Richard and Thomas Clayton— and several daughters, all of whom died young. Dr. Joseph Hall was born in Lewes, July 31, 1748. He was the son of David Hall, of Lewes, and descended from an ancestor of the same name, who was one of the Plymouth settlers, and who located at Lewes. He is believed to have been a medical graduate of the University of Pennsylvania He was one of the founders of the Delaware Medical Society. From the scarcity of physicians in his day Dr. Hall’s practice was very extensive, reaching to remote parts of the country, and at times obliging him to be absent from home several days at a time. He served as a surgeon in the Revolutionary War, but is not known to have left the State in that capacity. In person he was robust, and of large stature; temperate habits; was connected with the Presbyterian Church in the capacity of an elder; and in that faith he died, September 15, 1796, at the age of forty-eight years. He was buried in the Presbyterian cemetery at Lewes. Dr. Hall married Elizabeth Fisher, daughter of Major Henry Fisher. Of six children, Dr. Henry F. Hall alone survived. Dr. Nicholas Way was the son of Mr. Francis Way, of Wilmington, whose ancestors were members of the Friends’ Society, and very respectable. The manners and appearance of Francis Way were those of a gentleman, and his residence, with its garden and grounds, bore evidences of taste and cultivation. He married late in life, and Nicholas Way was born of this marriage about the year 1750, or a little earlier. He was a graduate of medicine in the University of Pennsylvania in 1771. He was one of the corporators of this society, and on the second day of the initial meeting of the society, May 13, 1789, was elected one of the curators. The only meeting, however, in which his name appears was held in Wilmington, December 10, 1793, the year in which the yellow fever prevailed in Philadelphia.(12*) As a practitioner Dr. Way was highly prized for his skill. In 1793, when the yellow fever first appeared in Philadelphia, crowds of citizens sought an asylum in Wilmington. So great was the dread of the epidemic, that many were at first refused entrance into the town. Doctor Way used his influence by interceding for their reception. Immediately every door was open, and every house was filled.(13*) Dr. Way had his leg broken by being thrown from his horse and consequently gave up his country practice. This resulted in such a protest that in 1796 he removed to Philadelphia where he died of yellow fever, September 7, 1797. He was appointed president of the mint and never married. Dr. Henry Latimer was born at Newport, New Castle County, April, 1752, and graduated at the University of Pennsylvania. In July, 1773, he received the degree of Master of Arts. He commenced the study of medicine in Philadelphia, and completed it at the Medical College of Edinburgh. On his return he entered upon the practice of his profession in Wilmington. In 1777 he was appointed surgeon in the Continental army, and served from Brandywine to Yorktown with such acceptance that his name was mentioned by General Washington for surgeon-general of the Northern Division of the army. He was elected a member of the Legislature of Delaware after the State organization; and from 1793 to 1795 was a Representative in Congress. From 1795 to 1797 he was elected to the Senate of the United States; and re-elected in 1797; but in 1801 he resigned his seat. He died in December, 1819, and was buried in the cemetery of the First Presbyterian Church, of Wilmington. The father of Dr. Henry Latimer was James Latimer, who was born in and lived at Newport, and was engaged in the grain and shipping business with Philadelphia. He married Sarah Geddes. The grandfather of Dr. Latimer came from Ireland, but the family was originally from Normandy. Dr. Latimer’s children were Henry, John, Mary, James and Sarah, all deceased; and all, except John, are buried with their father and grandfather in the cemetery of the First Presbyterian Church, Wilmington. Dr. James McCallmont was born at Newport, New Castle County, in 1755. His father was John McCallmont, a resident of Newport, and engaged in the flour business, and an elder in the Red Clay Creek Presbyterian Church during the pastorate of Rev. Wm. McKennan. He died in 1776, aged sixty-five years, and was buried in the cemetery of the church of which he was a member. Dr. McCallmont’s mother was Sarah Latimer; her father was James Latimer. She was born in Ulster County, Ireland, and came to America when five years of age. The ancestors of the family emigrated to Ulster from Eastern Wales. Dr. McCallmont was educated at Newark Academy. His medical preceptor was Dr. Matthew Wilson, of Lewes, and while prosecuting his studies he lived in Dr. Wilson’s family, in company with others engaged in the same occupation. In the year 1777 he was a surgeon in the United States navy, and in that year was in a naval engagement near Long Island. Later in the same year his ship was boarded by a Spanish privateer, and his life, with that of a younger brother, was saved by his giving the Masonic sign to the Spanish officer, just as they were about being forced to "walk the plank." They were then taken to a Spanish prison in the West Indies, and finally released through the influence of the United States consul. After leaving the navy Dr. McCallmont settled in New Castle, and practiced his profession until his death. Dr. McCallmont was one of the founders of the Delaware Medical Society; of studious habits, so fond of literature that his patients, to detain him, would, at times, place a book in his way, in reading which he failed to note the passage of time. He was a gentleman of fine personal appearance and robust health. He was very cheerful and youthful in his disposition, and temperate and regular in his habits. He respected religion, and was attached to the doctrines of the Presbyterian denomination, although he was never connected with the church. He died at New Castle of bilious fever, after an illness of ten days, Oct. 4, 1824 aged sixty-nine years, and was buried in the cemetery of the Presbyterian Church of New Castle. Dr. McCallmont was twice married. His first wife was Mary Monro, sister of Dr. George Monro, late of Wilmington. The children of his first marriage were Anna, who became the wife of Allan Thompson; Sallie Maria, wife of Hon. Kensey Johns, Jr.; John, who studied medicine, but died early in New Jersey; Arthur, for many years clerk of court in New Castle; James, who commenced the study of medicine, but relinquished it on account of failing health; Susan and George. His second wife was Martha McMullen, to whom he was married in 1807, and whose children were Matilda, George (2d), Francis, Marianna, wife of the late Dr. George McCallmont, of Philadelphia, and another. Dr. Joseph Philippe Eugene Capelle was born in Flanders (or Courtray) in 1757. He came to this country during the Revolutionary War with Count de Rochambeau, and was subsequently placed on the staff of Gen. Lafayette as surgeon or surgeon’s mate.(14*) Dr. Capelle was a member of the Episcopal Church. After the war he settled in Wilmington and continued in the practice of his profession until November 5, 1796, when he died. His wife was Mary Isabella Pierce, of Baltimore; and their children were Phillippe Henri, Marcus Eugene, Marie May Capelle, Henry Ward Pearce. His funeral took place on Sunday, November 7, 1796, in the cemetery of the Old Swedes’ Church, with imposing Masonic and religious ceremonies. Dr. Capelle was one of the incorporators of the State Medical Society, and was repeatedly elected one of its censors. As a professional man he was very popular. Dr. Robert Cook was also one of the founders of the State Medical Society. He was born in Kent County. He married the widow of Gov. Daniel Rogers, and lived and died in South Milford. He was appointed at the first meeting of the State Medical Society in the spring of 1789, in conjunction with Drs. Molleston, Sykes and Miller, to report rules of order, and to draft an ordinance regulating admission of members. Dr. David Bush was the youngest son of David and Ann Bush (née Thomas). He was born in Wilmington, December 6, 1763. Three of his brothers— Lewis, George and John— were officers in the army of the Revolution. Lewis studied law in York, Pennsylvania, entered the army soon after he was admitted to the bar, was appointed major, and killed at the battle of Brandywine. George was also a major, and was wounded in the side, He was appointed by Washington the first collector of the port of Wilmington; and died from the effects of his wound. John was appointed captain— he passed through the war unhurt— married a lady in Kent County, Maryland, and died there. Dr. Bush was elected a member of the State Medical Society December 10, 1793, having presented a "Dissertation on Small Pox," which was considered as evincing so much ability that he was honored by the appointment of orator of the next annual meeting. Dr. Bush was highly esteemed by all classes in Wilmington. He was married March 5, 1879, to Miss Betsy Price, of Chester County, Pennsylvania. He was named for a half-brother, also a physician, whose death took place in Grenada, shortly before his brother’s birth, he having gone abroad for his health. Dr. Bush died February 15, 1799, at the age of thirty-six years. Four children were born of this marriage, but all died early. He was buried in the cemetery of the Old Swedes’ Church, having been a member of the Lutheran Church. On the death of Dr. Capelle, Dr. Bush was appointed to deliver a eulogy upon the character of the deceased. In this, his own religious faith was set forth, as well as his estimation of the Christian, and otherwise excellent character of his friend. Dr. George Monro was born in New Castle, February 22, 1760. His father came over from Scotland a few years before the birth of George. His mother was Lydia Hall, a niece of Governor Hall, of this State. Dr George Monro was educated at Newark Academy, and subsequently graduated in medicine at the University of Pennsylvania. During the Revolutionary War he served as surgeon in the Virginia line, and at the close of hostilities went to Europe and further prosecuted the study of medicine in London and Edinburgh. In 1786 he returned to this country and settled on his farm near St. George’s. He married the youngest daughter of Col. Haslet, of Revolutionary fame, and in 1797 moved to Wilmington, where he resumed the practice of medicine. He soon obtained a high position among the leading physicians, and by his skill in medicine and surgery, his liberality and benevolence, won the esteem of a large circle of friends and acquaintances. He became an earnest Christian in middle life, although his early years were tinctured with infidelity, and his whole character showed the reforming and benign influence of his religious views. After a brief illness, he died suddenly on the 11th of October, 1819, in his sixtieth year. Although a man of superior education, Dr. Monro left but few productions of his pen, the only prominent contribution to medical literature being published in the New York Medical Repository on the yellow fever in Wilmington in 1798 Dr. Monro was one of the secretaries of the Society of the Cincinnati. Dr. James Sykes,(15*) was born March 27, 1761, in the vicinity of Dover. His father, after whom he was named, held several State offices, was a member of the Privy Council at different periods and took part in the convention which revised the Constitution of the State. James Sykes, the younger, was educated in Wilmington and Dover. He read medicine with Dr. Clayton, an eminent practitioner of Bohemia Manor, and attended the lectures of Drs. Shippen, Morgan, Kuhn and Rush. He began his professional career at Cambridge, Maryland, where he remained four years, and while there married Elizabeth Goldsborough, daughter of Robert Goldsborough. Returning to Dover, he soon acquired a fine practice in medicine and surgery, and became so skillful in the latter branch that Dr. Tilton, surgeon general of the United States army, declared him to be unsurpassed as a lithotomist. Dr. Sykes was elected to the State Senate repeatedly, and was executive of that body for fifteen years, after which he was chosen Governor. In 1814 he removed to New York, where he remained nearly six years, when not meeting with the encouragement he had anticipated, he went back to Dover, where he remained until his death, October 18, 1822. His son, Samuel Sykes was his partner after his return from New York. A second son, William Sykes, was the father of General Sykes, a commander in the Army of the Potomac. The only daughter of Dr. Sykes survived her father but a few days, her death being caused by grief at his demise. Dr. John Brinklé (16*) was born in Kent County, Delaware, September 1, 1764. His father was John Brinklé, of St. Jones’ Neck, a farmer and captain in the Continental army, and his mother, Elizabeth, was a daughter of John Marion, of Kent County. Dr. Brinklé was educated at Newark, and at the University of Pennsylvania. His medical studies, begun in 1787, were completed under Dr. Shippen, and he was elected a member of the Delaware State Medical Society in 1811; resigning in 1828, when his name was placed on the honorary roll. He settled in Kent County, where he practiced his profession and managed his farms; also engaged in shipping wheat, in which business he was interested with John Welch, father of the late William Welch, of Philadelphia. In 1830, Dr. Brinklé retired from practice and removed to Wilmington. He was identified with the Episcopal Church from about 1816, and was active in building St. Andrew’s Church, Wilmington, and Grace Church, Philadelphia, he and his wife being among the original communicants of the former. He died, January 9, 1835, of heart trouble. When the fatal attack came on he got up and looked at the clock, and then sat with his finger on his pulse for a few moments, when death intervened. His remains were deposited in a vault at Grace Church, Philadelphia. Mrs. Dr. Brincklé (17*) was Elizabeth Gordon, daughter of Joshua Gordon, and niece of Judge Thomas Rodney and Caesar Rodney, a signer of the Declaration of Independence. She spent much of her youth with the last named until married, on January 6, 1790. Dr. Brincklé had eight children— Mary, who died in infancy; Joshua, who studied law with Caesar A. Rodney and practiced in Dover; John Rodney, a manufacturer and merchant; Samuel Crawford, a minister; Wm. Draper, who studied medicine; Charles Marion, died in infancy; Henry Marion, died aged twenty-two; Thomas Rodney, who studied medicine. Dr. Pierre Chetard was born at Cape Francois, St. Domingo, July, 1766. His father, Pierre Chetard, was born in St. Yrieix in the ancient province of Limousin, France, whence he emigrated to St. Domingo and was the owner of a large coffee plantation at the time of the Revolution on that island. His mother was Louise Helene Joullair, and her father was a resident of St. Domingo. Pierre Chetard resided during his youth with his father’s relatives in France, and was educated at Toulouse, where he obtained the degree of A.M. in August, 1785. He subsequently entered the medical school at Montpelier, obtained the degree of Licentiate of Medicine, in March, 1788, and that of M.D., in April. After graduating he returned to St. Domingo and resided there for a short period. He then went to Paris and studied surgery for two years. While in Paris the Revolution of St. Domingo occurred, and his parents being obliged to flee from the island, came to the United States and took up their residence in Wilmington. Dr. Chetard arrived in Wilmington in March, 1794. He commenced the practice of medicine, and remained until the death of his parents. In 1794 he became a member of the Medical Society of Delaware, and delivered the anniversary oration. His father died in April, 1796, and his mother in February, 1797. He then availed himself of the permission granted by the chief of the island of St.Domingo to return and take possession of his estates. He remained in St. Domingo from the latter part of 1797 to 1800, when, fearing a renewal of the massacre of the whites, which afterward occurred, he returned to the United States. He sailed about the last of May, 1800, on the ship "Sympathy," which was captured shortly afterward by the British ship "Alarm." Dr. Chetard’s claim as an American citizen was recognized by the British captain, and he was transferred to the schooner "Elizabeth," of Baltimore, of which city he became a permanent resident, and was soon actively engaged in his profession. Dr. Chetard contributed largely to medical literature, and in 1812 was elected a member of the Baltimore Medical Society; in 1818 a corresponding member of the New Orleans Medical Society; in 1820 corresponding member of the Royal Medical Society of Marseilles; in 1825 a corresponding member of the Medical Society of Mexico; and in 1835 a corresponding member of the Royal Academy of Medicine of Paris. He was a Roman Catholic, and died in that faith June 5, 1848. He was married October 28, 1801, to Jeanne Marie Adelaide Francise Boisson, daughter of Jean Thomas Boisson and Adelaide Coenu. She was born at Cape Francois, St. Domingo, but was educated in France. They had eight children, of whom the following survived their father: S.M. Chetard, M.D., Ferdinand Edmund, Frederick Peter (formerly of the United States navy), Emily, who married Frederick Dungan, of Baltimore, and Josephine, the wife of Dr. Chew Van Bibber, of Baltimore. Dr. Elijah Barratt was born December 29, 1770, on his father’s estate near Frederica, Kent County. He was the son of Philip and Miriam Barratt.(18*) Dr. Elijah Barratt studied medicine under Dr. Nathaniel Luff, and became a practitioner, although he never graduated, a not uncommon occurrence in those days. He was elected a member of the Delaware Medical Society in 1790, and was active in it until his death, which occurred April 11, 1809. Dr. Barratt was prominent as a physician and politician; was a strong Federalist, and refused to be a candidate for Congress. He was sole devisee of his brother, Nathaniel Barratt, who died November, 1797, and also devisee of the farm which had been allotted to him, upon the partition of his father’s estate, by Judge Thomas White, Richard Lockwood and Governor Richard Bassett. Dr. Barratt married Margaret Fisher, and left five children— Susan F. Barratt, who married Nathaniel Smithers, Jr.; Mary Barratt, who married Andrew Green; Margaret, who married Mr. ----- Knott; Eliza F., who married Mr. ----- Prettyman; Edward F., who died unmarried in 1819. Dr. John May Laws was born in Nanticoke Hundred about the year 1770. His father was John May Laws and his mother was Elishe Tingley Beswick. He graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in medicine in 1790, and became a member of the State Medical Society in 1792. He commenced the practice of medicine in Milford. He was appointed a justice of the peace in 1818, and died childless, either in Milford or Frederica, while still young. Dr. Theodore Wilson, the son of Rev. Matthew Wilson, M.D., D.D., of Lewes, was born June 28, 1772 and studied medicine with his father. He became a member of the State Medical Society in 1792, and practiced in Lewes until his death, which occurred in 1815. Dr. Julius Augustus Jackson, "a practitioner of physic" in 1775, obtained a warrant from Penn for a tract of land in Seaford Neck, where he built a house and wharf and became a large landed proprietor. At his death he left half of his medical books and instruments to each of his sons, Jeremiah Rush and Peter, who were also physicians. He was one of the founders of the Delaware Medical Society in 1789. Dr. Peter Jackson, Jr., was born in 1792. He settled in Milton in 1838, and died December 3, 1863. Dr. Edward Dingle was born near Dagsboro’, June 8, 1779. He was the son of Edward Dingle, and grandson of Rev. Edward Dingle, a native of England, and who in 1731 became rector of St. Mary’s parish in Worcester County, Maryland. Dr. Dingle studied medicine with Dr. Jacob Wolfe, of Lewes, and began to practice in Dagsboro’, where he prospered He was appointed an associate justice of the County Court, and was a member of the convention that framed the State Constitution of 1831, and suggested the biennial elections which became a feature of that instrument. He died September 8, 1847. Dr. James P. Lofland, for thirty years a prominent physician in Delaware, died in August, 1851. Dr. Mark G. Lofland, his son, was born May 17, 1827, and died December 4, 1881. He studied medicine with his father, was graduated at Jefferson Medical College, and continued his studies afterward under Drs. Pancoast and Wistar and then removed to his native place and took up his father’s practice. Dr. John Miller, eldest son of Rev. John Miller, of Delaware, died February 28, 1777, at the early age of twenty-five years. He was a surgeon in the Revolution in a Jersey regiment; was seized with a fever at Darby, Pa., and died of exposure and hardships of military life. Dr. Joseph Hall, of Lewes, born 1750, was one of the founders of the State Medical Society. He died in 1796. Dr. Henry Fisher Hall, born 1789, died 1865, was his son. Dr. David Fisher, born April 24, 1831, son of the last named, is now (1888) practicing at Lewes. Dr. Thomas Macdonough, father of Commodore Macdonough, the hero of Lake Champlain in the War of 1812, was born at Macdonough in St. George’s Hundred. He was practicing medicine when the war of Independence opened, and entered the army as major of Col. Haslet’s regiment. At the close of the war, he returned to his home, continued his profession, served as a court justice for a time, and died 1795. Martin Barr, M.D., was born in Strasburg, Lancaster County, Pa., in 1792. In 1810 he entered the office of Dr. Benjamin Rush as a student of medicine, and in 1813 was graduated from University of Pennsylvania, and then moved to Middletown, Delaware. He died September 14, 1874. He joined the State Medical Society in 1813. Dr. William H. Barr, his son, born 1825, studied medicine with his father, was graduated in medicine at University of Pennsylvania in 1850, began practicing in Middletown, and is a resident physician there. Dr. Daniel G Fisher, son of Alexander Fisher, was born November 25, 1823, studied medicine with Dr. William Atlee, of Philadelphia, graduated at University of Pennsylvania in 1852, and located to practice his profession in Seaford, Delaware, where he continued until 1863. He then was chosen an enrolling surgeon of Delaware. After the war he resumed his profession at Milford, where he died in 1881. William H. White was born at Snow Hill, Md., in 1825; started to practice at Pittsville, Md.; remained but a short time there; graduated at Jefferson Medical College in 1851; remained in Laurel two years and opened an office at Sixth and King, Streets, Wilmington, and practiced there until his death April 19, 1861. He was Brigade Surgeon, appointed in 1861; remained until 1863, when he was honorably discharged on account of sickness. On his return from the army he was presented with a case of surgical instruments, costing $500, by the citizens of Wilmington. Dr. William Cummins was born in Smyrna, June 21st, 1814, son of John and Susan Cummins. Dr. Cummins received his preliminary education in Smyrna, after which he entered YaleCollege, and having completed his course there, he entered the Medical Department of the University of Pennsylvania and was graduated in medicine in 1838. He became a member of the State Medical Society of Delaware in 1838, and was elected Secretary in 1841, in which office he was continued for several consecutive years. Dr. Cummins was of medium size, of gentle and pleasing presence, kind and faithful in the performance of his duties in his profession, and to the community of which he was a valuable member, and highly respected. In addition to his attachment to his profession, he was also fond of and interested in the pursuits of agriculture, to the exercise of which his landed estate furnished ample opportunities. In later years of his life he had strong religious convictions, and being a member of the Protestant Episcopal Church, he was admitted to perform the functions which pertain to the office of a lay reader. Dr. Cummins was a member of the Kent County Bible Society, and a director of the Farmers’ Mutual Insurance Company, of Wilmington. His children were Margaret Baily, William Alexander Cummins and Robert Lawber Cummins. Dr. William Baldwin (19*) was born in Chester County, Pennsylvania, March 29, 1779. His father was Thomas Baldwin, a Quaker preacher, by whom he was liberally educated and began to teach. He read medicine with Dr. William A. Todd, of Downingtown, and in 1805 was appointed surgeon on a merchant vessel bound to China. On his return he resumed the study of medicine and graduated at the University of Pennsylvania. He located at Wilmington and married Miss Hannah M. Webster, of that city. He became a fellow of the Delaware State Medical Society May 14, 1811. His health failing, he removed to Georgia. In 1812 he was appointed surgeon of a gunboat flotilla at Savannah, and in 1817 surgeon on the frigate "Congress" bound on a South American mission. This last appointment was due to his scientific acquirements, and while abroad he collected many new botanical specimens, a portion of which are in the Philadelphia Academy of Sciences. In 1818 he returned and again settled in Wilmington. In 1819 he was a delegate to a general medical convention in Philadelphia. The same year he was appointed botanist to Long’s expedition to the Upper Missouri, but died en route at Franklin, Missouri, September 1, 1819, at the age of forty-one years, leaving a wife and four children. Dr. William Gibbons, son of James and Eleanor Peters Gibbons, was born August 10, 1781, in Philadelphia. He was the youngest of thirteen children, and was given a superior education. He studied medicine with Dr. Jacob Ehrenzeller, an expert Revolutionary surgeon living at West Chester, and with Dr. John Vaughan, of Wilmington. He was a graduate in medicine of the Pennsylvania University. In 1806 he bought a farm in Chester County and married Rebecca, the daughter of David Donaldson, of Wilmington. In 1807, upon the death of Dr. Vaughan, Dr. Gibbons removed to Wilmington and located there permanently, soon rising to the front rank of the local practitioners. He devoted considerable attention to natural sciences and languages, and was celebrated in both, being one of the founders of the Delaware Academy of Natural Sciences. He was also extensively known through his articles on religious, scientific and other topics. He died July 25, 1845, leaving eight sons and five daughters. One of his sons was a member of the faculty of the Medical College of the Pacific, at San Francisco. His children were James Henry, died August, 1807; Henry, died 1885; James Sloan; William Peters, died 1886; Charles, died 1884; Sarah Ellen; Edward, died 1882; Louis, died 1875; Margaret D., died 1865; Rebecca Elizabeth; Redmond; Francis, died 1861; Caroline. Mrs. Rebecca Donaldson Gibbons died in 1869, aged eighty-one years. Dr. Gibbons established and conducted a religious periodical called The Berean, 1824 to 1827. Dr. Samuel Henry Black, son of David William and Margaret Ferris Black, was born in New Castle County December 20, 1782. He received a liberal education, and when about nineteen years of age commenced the study of medicine with Dr. John Groome, of Elkton, Maryland, completing his medical course at the University of Pennsylvania. He settled in Glasgow, New Castle County, and for more than twenty years prosecuted his profession. His practice extended to Newark, Elkton, Middletown and Port Penn. In the latter part of the year 1817 he married Dorcas Armitage Middleton, daughter of Robert and Mary Middleton, of Glasgow. He died April 17, 1827, in the forty-fourth year of his age, leaving a widow and nine children. Dr. Black was a man of more than ordinary endowments in all the relations of life, and had one of the finest private libraries in the State. He was a member of the General Assembly for several sessions and a popular writer on medical and agricultural topics. He was particularly zealous in his advocacy of vaccination.(20*) Dr. Black was one of the trustees of Delaware College, and at a meeting of the board he was seized with apoplexy, which terminated his life in a few hours. Dr. William Winder Morris was born near Snow Hill, Worcester County, Maryland, January 26, 1784. His father was James F. Morris, and his mother was Leah Winder, daughter of William Winder and sister of Governor Levin Winder, of Maryland, and of Dr. John Winder, of Northampton, Virginia. His professional studies were prosecuted under Dr. Samuel Kerr, of Princess Anne, and Dr. Thomas James, of Philadelphia. He commenced practice in Dover in 1806, and continued it until 1855, when his health failed. Dr. Morris died in Dover December 16, 1857, and was buried in the Presbyterian Church of that place. His wife, Mary, was the daughter of the late Dr. Charles Ridgely, and half-sister to Chancellor Ridgely. Three children survived Dr, Morris,— Anna Maria, who became the wife of Hon. Caleb Layton, of Georgetown; Emily, who remained single; and William, who studied law with Hon. John M. Clayton, and practiced his profession successfully in York, Pennsylvania, for many years, after which he retired to his farm in the neighborhood of Dover. He married Miss Catharine Harris, of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Their daughter, Mary Middleton, married Caleb S. Pennewill, of Dover. Dr. Allen McLane was born in Smyrna, Kent County, in 1786. His father was Colonel Allen McLane and his mother was formerly Rebecca Walls. Dr. McLane was the brother of Hon. Louis McLane, minister to England. Colonel McLane, his father, served in the Continental army throughout the Revolution; was a lieutenant in Caesar Rodney’s Delaware Regiment; and was afterwards under General Washington at the battles of Long Island, White Plains, Trenton, Princeton and Brandywine. He was a major in Lee’s Legion, and served at Paulus Hook, Stony Point and Yorktown. After the war he was a member and Speaker of the Delaware House of Representatives, judge of Court of Common Pleas, marshal of Delaware and collector of the port of Wilmington from 1808 to the time of his death, in 1829. Dr. Allen McLane was educated at Newark Academy and Princeton College, and received his medical diploma from the Pennsylvania University, his preceptor being Dr. Benjamin Rush. Immediately after his graduation in 1811 he commenced practice at New Castle, but soon removed to Wilmington, were he remained until his death, which occurred suddenly, January 11, 1845, from heart disease Dr. McLane served as surgeon in Caesar A. Rodney’s company in the War of 1812; he was one of the first mayors of Wilmington, a member of the vestry of the Old Swedes’ Church and one of the founders of Trinity Chapel. He married Catherine G., daughter of George and Mary Thompson Read, June 18, 1812, and his children were Samuel, Allen, Mary, Julia and George, of whom the sons died in early manhood. Dr. McLane was one of the most prominent citizens and leading physicians of his city, and his death was regarded as a public calamity. His remains were followed to the graveyard of the Methodist Episcopal Church by the clergy, the mayor and City Council, the members of the bar and medical profession, and a large concourse of his fellow-citizens The funeral services were performed by Rev. J. McCullough, of the Episcopal Church; Rev. John Kennaday, of the Methodist Church; Rev. William Hogarth, of the Presbyterian Church, and Bishop Lee, of the Episcopal Church. Dr. Ezekiel Cooper was born near Willow Grove, Kent County, November 28, 1788. He was the son of Hon. Richard Cooper, one of the judges of the Superior Court of Delaware, and Sarah Alford, daughter of Aaron Alford. The ancestors of the family emigrated from England. Dr. Cooper read medicine with Dr. James Sykes, Sr., of Dover, began practice in Camden, Delaware, and in 1822 joined the State Medical Society on a certificate from the Maryland Medical College. His name appears upon the minutes of the society up to 1827, when he removed to Philadelphia, where he died several years later and was buried in St. George’s cemetery, Coates Street. He was married, January 25, 1814, to Louisa Baggs, daughter of Andrew Baggs, of Caroline County, Maryland. His children were Richard, Ezekiel, Henrietta, Andrew Baggs and Mary Louisa. One of the most widely known men in the profession— alike as man and physician— and one whose life linked the early years of the present century to the middle years of its latter half, was Dr. Henry F. Askew, of Wilmington (born 1805, died 1876). Not only was Dr. Askew one of the oldest citizens of Wilmington, but he was a descendent of one of the oldest families of the State. He was a descendant of Sergeant John Askew, who, after the surrender of New Amsterdam, in 1664, accompanied Sir Robert Carr’s expedition against Fort Casimir. He was present at the storming of the fort and for his services received the grant of a piece of land near where it was destined that the city of Wilmington should arise and grow, and here his descendants lived and yet live. Henry F. Askew was born June 24, 1805, in a house which afterwards was a part of St. Mary’s College. He read medicine under the preceptorship of Dr. William Gibbons and subsequently attended the Medical Department of the University of Pennsylvania, from which he graduated at the age of twenty-one years in 1826. He had a strong inclination to settle for the practice of his profession in the West, and moved to Ohio for that purpose, but soon came back as far as Centreville, Delaware; and it was not long before he returned to his native place, which proved to be a wise step, for he here attained a great success, not only professionally, but socially. His practice soon became extensive. "While in his prime he was probably out at least half the nights of the year," says one of his contemporaries, and it may readily be believed, for he was as ready to answer a call from the poor as the rich, and, in addition to his purely professional ability, he had a charm and cheeriness of manner and a subtle feeling and tact which go further in the sick-room than medicine. At the time of his death his practice was not only the large( )t in the city, but in the State. He was an active and influential member of the Wilmington and the State Medical Societies, and the American Medical Association. He was elected president of the last-named society, filled the same position in the State organization and, also, for several years that of treasurer. As these honors indicate, he was held in high regard not only in the place of his residence, but by the members of his profession everywhere and that high estimation in which he was held was apparently won and held by the sterling qualities of the man almost as fully as by the acknowledged abilities of the physician. Dr. Askew was a man of strong constitution, active habit of mind and body, and exceedingly sympathetic and social in his nature. Large as was his professional practice and as exacting as were its duties, it could not exhaust his energy nor satisfy his desires, and thus the former found activity and the latter satisfaction in many employments entirely outside of medical study and practice. Close as was his application to his profession, he took a deep interest in politics and in that close-knitting of the interests of mankind to be found in some of the secret and benevolent orders; nor was he for all of this less admirable in domestic relations, for he was a model husband and father. Politically he was a Democrat, and when in his prime took a leading place in the management of the party and had a marked influence in that capacity. His devotion to his profession and its exacting demands made it well-nigh impossible for him to accept office, which would remove him from home or engross his time. He was a member of the Council from 1845 to 1847; was postmaster of Wilmington during the last year of Pierce’s and the whole of Buchanan’s administration; was port physician and physician to the Almshouse several times; was prominently talked of for Governor and United States Senator, and in 1876 was appointed as State Centennial Exposition commissioner. Had he chosen to have entered upon a political career, almost any place at the disposition of the State might have been his. He was an active member of the I.O.O.F., holding in succession the principal offices of the order, and at the time of his death was the oldest Past Grand Master in the State. A member of the Delaware Historical Society from its inception, he became its president and held that office for several years, upon his retirement being made president emeritus. But to enumerate offices held and societies identified with would be in the case of Dr. Askew too much of a task. He was a charter member of the Savings Fund Society, founded over fifty years ago; was prominently connected with the founding of the Wilmington and Brandywine Cemetery, and took a leading part in the movement which resulted in the erection of a monument to Dr. James Tilton. It seems, almost, in reviewing Dr. Askew’s life, that he knocked at almost every portal of happiness and usefulness, entered in, and was adequate in every one, to better himself and those with whom he came in contact. He became a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church during the year before he died. Dr. Askew died March 5, 1876, after an illness of considerable length, which his indomitable spirit concealed from the general public, and from every one except those nearest to him. Dr. Henry Fisher Hall,(21*) born in Lewes, September 8, 1789, was the son of Dr. Joseph Hall and Elizabeth, daughter of Henry Fisher. Dr. Hall was educated at the University of Pennsylvania, studied medicine with Dr. John White, and on April 15, 1814, was appointed by President Madison surgeon of the Forty-second Infantry, where he served far seven years and resigned. In 1820 he was made surgeon’s mate in the Third Infantry and served with credit in the Northwest. In 1814 Governor Maull commissioned him brigadier-general in Sussex County, and he was subsequently collector of customs at Lewes. He continued the practice of medicine for fifty-four years and died in 1865. His remains were interred in the Presbyterian burial-ground at Lewes In 1823 he married Hester, daughter of Caleb and Betsy Rodney. Their children were Elizabeth, Margaret F., Joseph R., David, Eliza L., Mary D., Rebecca B. and Henry R. Hall. Dr. Arnold Naudain (22*) was born at Snowland, the residence of his parents, near Leipsic, Kent County, January 6, 1790. His father was Andrew Naudain and his mother was formerly Rebecca Snow. Dr. Arnold Naudain was educated at Dover and Princeton and graduated in medicine at the Pennsylvania University from the office of Dr. James Sykes in Dover, where he began his professional career. In 1810 he married Mary, daughter of Thomas Schee, who came here from Holland in 1740. Dr. Naudain was major in the War of 1812; a member of the Legislature and of the State Senate; was United States Senator from 1829 to 1836, when he resigned; collector of port of Wilmington 1841 to 1845. In the latter year he removed to Philadelphia and resumed his professional duties. He lived on Broad Street and assisted in establishing the Green Hill Presbyterian Church, of which he was an elder. In this capacity he was succeeded by his son, who was the fifth generation of Presbyterian elders in the Naudain family. Dr. Arnold Naudain was frequently a delegate to the Presbyterian General Assembly. He died in Odessa January 4, 1872, aged eighty-two years. Dr. James P. Lofland, a noted physician of Kent County, Del., was born in St. Jones’ Neck, Kent County, in the year 1793. His father, Purnel Lofland, was a ship-builder and merchant, who intermarried with Mary Robinson, the daughter of a leading farmer of the Neck. When old enough to attend school, he was sent to the academy at Lewes, which at that time had quite a reputation as a place of learning. He afterwards graduated at the University of Pennsylvania, and entered the office of the celebrated Dr. Benjamin Rush as a student of medicine. He was associated with Dr. Franklin Bache, afterwards and for many years Professor of Chemistry in the Jefferson Medical College, in Philadelphia. After receiving his degree as a Doctor of Medicine, Dr. Lofland settled in the town of Milford, Kent Co., and was engaged in a large and extensive practice until within a year before his death, which occurred in Philadelphia, in August, 1852. Dr. Lofland acquired the reputation of a very skillful and successful physician and surgeon, and stood at the head of his profession in Delaware, being often called in consultation in various parts of the State. Perhaps no other physician of his time enjoyed a wider or greater reputation in the State. His handsome and commanding presence, his genial and courteous bearing and his great conversational powers made him many friends in all parts of the State, and, in fact, none knew him but to admire him. He had a high regard for the usefulness and dignity of his profession, and his charitable feelings and earnest attention to the poor endeared him to all classes, and when he died, he was regretted by all and mourned for as a personal friend. No matter what the circumstances were, in every instance he was prompt to respond to duty, and there are many to-day who cherish his memory as a public benefactor. In those days there were not many clocks, as now, and it is said that his watch hung in more houses of the poor, both white and colored, than any other in the county. The same old watch is held as a memento and is now in the hands of a grandson who is preparing to follow the profession of his grandfather. Dr. Lofland was never an active partisan in politics, but he connected himself with the old Whig party, and up to the time of his death yielded it an ardent and earnest support. He was a great admirer of Henry Clay, and an intimate and social friend of the Hon. John M. Clayton. The doctor served several terms in our State Legislature, and was once the Speaker of the Senate. His death created a void that was hard to fill. He left a widow and four children to survive him; two of the children still reside in Milford,— James R. Lofland and Peter L. Lofland. His widow and two of the children have died since,— one of them the late lamented Dr. Mark Greer Lofland, who succeeded his father in the practice, and gained an enviable position in the profession. Dr. James P. Lofland took great interest in Masonry, and had great reputation among the craft as a lecturer; he filled almost every position from Master of a lodge to Grand Master of the State. His remains were followed to the grave by an immense concourse of people, and he was laid away with the honors of Masonry, and lies buried in the family grave-yard on a farm near Canterbury, in this county. Dr. Joseph Hartshorne, the celebrated physician and surgeon, who died near Wilmington August 20, 1850, was born in Alexandria, Va., December 12, 1779. Richard Hartshorne, the pioneer of the family, settled on the highlands of the Neversink in 1669, and became one of the largest landholders in East Jersey. Dr. Joseph Hartshorne, at the age of five years, became a cripple for life. He was resident apprentice and apothecary to the Pennsylvania Hospital, Philadelphia, from 1801, and went as surgeon and supercargo of an East Indiaman in 1806. On his return, he graduated at the University of Pennsylvania (1808), and soon became eminent as a practitioner and surgeon. In 1815–1821 he was surgeon to the Pennsylvania Hospital, and was a member of the Philadelphia Medical Society, the American Philosophical Society, and the College of Physicians. He prepared and published "Boyer on the Bones" in 1806, with appendix and notes. Drs. Edward and Henry Hartshorne are his sons. Dr. Samuel M. Fisler was born in the New Jersey and removed from Port Elizabeth to Smyrna in 1820. He was a graduate of the University of Pennsylvania in 1819 and a member of the Delaware Medical Society in 1822. He married Susan H., daughter of John and Susan Cummins, of Smyrna. His father was a physician and local Methodist preacher in Port Elizabeth, New Jersey, and a brother, Lorenzo, was a practicing physician in Camden, N.J. Dr. Samuel Fisler died in May, 1868, aged seventy-one years, and was buried in St. Peter’s Cemetery, Smyrna. Dr. Joseph B. Harris was born in Lewes about 1796, and was a medical practitioner of considerable local reputation. He was an active member of the Delaware Medical Society for several years and was a very prolific writer on medical topics. He lived at Smyrna and held the office of auditor of that town. In consequence of mental troubles he abandoned his profession and returned to Lewes, where he died. Dr. Thomas James Boyd was born at Trappe (now Macdonough), New Castle County, Oct. 15, 1798. His father was John Boyd, a farmer and merchant, and his mother was Mary S., daughter of Thomas Read, D.D., of Wilmington. Dr. Boyd was highly educated and graduated in medicine from the University of Pennsylvania in 1818. He began practicing in Baltimore in 1820, and in 1821 was admitted to the United States navy as surgeon’s mate. He was attached to the frigate "Constitution" on her cruise to the Mediterranean in 1821, during which the vessel was visited, among other foreign celebrities, by Lord Byron. In 1824 he was on the war sloop "John Adams" to the West Indies. In 1826, at the age of twenty-eight, he was surgeon of the frigate "Brandywine" on a cruise to the Pacific; was afterwards surgeon of the "Constitution" for a second cruise, and in 1836 was made fleet-surgeon. At intervals, up to this time, Dr. Boyd was on duty at the Washington, Philadelphia, and Brooklyn navy-yards, and his family lived in a handsome residence on Shellpot Hill, near Wilmington. Subsequently he was placed in charge of the Brooklyn Hospital, where he died of paralysis March 26, 1839, aged forty-one years. He was buried in the cemetery of the First Presbyterian Church, Wilmington. In 1824, Dr. Boyd married Mary Ann, daughter of Dr. George Monro, who, with five children, survived him. The latter were Mary Stanley, Harriet M., George Monro, William S and Thomas James. Dr. Wm. Draper Brinckle,(23*) son of Dr. John and Elizabeth Gordon Brinckle, was born in St. Jones’ Neck, Kent County, February 9, 1798. He was first placed under the care of a private tutor and subsequently completed his education at the Wilmington Academy and Princeton College. He began the study of medicine with his father and was afterwards a student of the celebrated Dr. Physick, graduating in 1820 from the Pennsylvania University. He then practiced in Smyrna for a year, when he returned to Wilmington and removed to Philadelphia in 1825. From 1827 to 1839 he was physician at the Philadelphia City Hospital, on Bush Hill. Dr. Brinckle was celebrated as a writer on medical, agricultural, and pomological subjects, and was a finished musician. He was president of the American Pomological Society and exceedingly popular in many spheres. He was a member of the Protestant Episcopal Church; a delegate to the Diocesan Convention, at Dover, in 1819; for several years a warden of Grace Church, Philadelphia, and for many years identified with St. James’ Church in that city. He died December 16, 1872, and was buried in Mount Vernon Cemetery, near Philadelphia. He was married in April, 1821, to Sarah T., daughter of Henry W. and Adriana Physick, and niece of Dr. Philip S. Physick, in the parlors of the Dickinson house, the site of the present Wilmington Institute. Dr. Brinckle’s children were William Henry, attorney-at-law in Philadelphia, deceased; John Dorsey, died, aged sixteen; Adriana Physick; Elizabeth Gordon, died in infancy; Caroline, died in infancy. His first wife died in 1830, and in September, 1832, he married Elizabeth Bispham, daughter of Benjamin and Abigail Reeves, of Philadelphia. Their children were Emily Reeves, married to Edward R. Shubrick; Virginia Gordon, married to Austin E. Brady; Mary Reeves, married to Edward Stewart; Clara Victoria; Benjamin Reeves, deceased; Abigail Reeves, died in childhood; and Fanny Rodney, married to Wm. R. Brinckle. Dr. William Wells Wolfe was the son of Dr. Jacob Wolfe and Elizabeth, formerly a Miss Burton. Dr. Jacob Wolfe was killed by lightning in the court-house at Georgetown, Delaware, on the 16th of July, 1805, in the thirty-second year of his age. William Wells Wolfe was born July 22, 1799, near Lewes, Sussex County, Delaware. He received his early education at Lewes, Milford and Philadelphia; taught school for awhile in Milford and was principal of the academy at that place; studied medicine under the direction of his uncle, Dr. William Burton, afterwards Governor; entered the University of Maryland at Baltimore, and graduated in 1824. He was married February 2, 1826, to Miss Ann Hazzard, daughter of the Hon. David Hazzard, late Governor, and associate judge of the Superior Court of the State of Delaware. In July, 1828, he became a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and remained an active and faithful member until his death. Dr. Wolfe located in Milton and remained there. He was remarkable for the purity of his life and his devotion to his profession. He died March 27, 1866, and was buried in the cemetery of the Milton Methodist Episcopal Church. Dr. William Collins, son of William Collins, was born at his father’s farm, near Smyrna. His mother was Nancy, daughter of James Bellack. Dr. Collins studied medicine under Dr. S.M. Fisher. He was a graduate of the University of Pennsylvania in 1823 and a member of the Delaware Medical Society. He gave promise of becoming eminent in his profession, but died at the age of thirty-six. His remains were buried at the Protestant Episcopal cemetery at Smyrna. Dr. Elisha Sheckley Rickards was born in Milford in 1799, and died in Baltimore, while on a visit, November 13, 1882. He was the only son of Molton Rickards. He was educated in Milford and a graduate of the Medical Department, University of Pennsylvania. He married Margaret Leland and located in Georgetown, Delaware, where he practiced medicine thirty years. He removed to Philadelphia in 1851 and continued his professional career. He was a member of the Delaware Medical Society and the American Medical Association. Dr. William Bonwill (24*) was the son of Michael Hall and Mary Moore Bonwill, who settled in Delaware from Maryland in 1790, and established the Leamington Mills. William was one of four children who were born here, and he did not have the advantages of a good education. He, however, overcame this difficulty by his energy and perseverance, and after reading medicine with Dr. Lofland, of Milford, obtained his diploma from the University of Pennsylvania. He began a successful practice at Camden, this State, and married the widow of Dr. Ezekiel Cooper. Of his three children, Dr. Bonwill named one William Gibson in recognition of the kindness of Professor Gibson, of the University of Pennsylvania, who had befriended him in a former financial extremity. In 1849, after the death of his wife, he removed to Philadelphia, but soon returned to Delaware, where he died in 1864. Dr. Bonwill was of a very inventive turn of mind. He constructed a church organ and suggested several other important appliances. Dr. William Alexander Tatem was born in Philadelphia, June 10, 1800. He was the son of Samuel Tatem, a tailor. His mother was formerly Mary Alexander. Dr. Tatem’s youth was spent on a farm, but at the age of twenty years he was led to study medicine, through the death of a friend from what he believed to have been unskillful treatment. He read medicine with Drs. Charles B. Fithian, of Woodbury, N.J., and Joseph Parrish, of Philadelphia, and graduated in 1823. He began practice at Frederica, removed in 1827 to Denton, Maryland, and in 1852 settled in St. George’s permanently. He was a member of the Delaware Medical Society from 1824, and a strict Presbyterian. In 1818 Dr. Tatem married Miss Maria West. He died in March 27, 1877, and was buried in St. George’s Cemetery, in New Castle County. His first wife dying in 1819, he was married again, May 19, 1824, to Miss Martha W. Tabele, whose children were Phoebe; Ann H. wife of Prof. I.W. Mears, of Union College; Wilhelmina, widow of Dr. Wm. M. Tilden; Anna L., Benjamin H. and three others who died in infancy. Dr. Robert Hiram Griffith, son of Seth Griffith, was born in Concord, Sussex County, in 1800. His mother was Anna Houston, daughter of Robert Houston, of Sussex. From the age of thirteen years, Dr. Griffith lived with and was educated by his uncle at Cynthiana, Kentucky. He returned to his native place in 1822 and finished reading medicine with his cousin. Dr. Francis Phelps, of Federalsburg, Md., graduating at the Baltimore Medical College in 1824. He practiced successfully at Laurel, Sussex County, until 1836, when he went West and settled first at Palmyra, Missouri, and then in Hannibal, where he served four years as receiver of public money of the land office. He died January 4, 1864, leaving a large estate. His remains were interred in the Riverside Cemetery, at Hannibal. In 1828 Dr. Griffith married Miss Mary A. Houston, eldest daughter of John and Elizabeth Houston, of Concord, this State, who shared his estate with Mrs. Ann Ellegood, of Concord, sister of Dr. Griffith. Dr. Wm. W. Baker settled in Wilmington from Chester County, Pennsylvania, and joined the Delaware Medical Society in 1822. He had a large practice and stood high in the ranks of his profession. Dr. George R. Baker was a younger brother of Dr. William W. Baker. He was born in Pennsylvania, settled in Wilmington and joined the Delaware Medical Society in 1841. He was a graduate of the University in 1836 and died at the age of forty-five. Dr. John Owens was born at St. Johnstown, Sussex County. He read medicine with Dr. Joseph Sudler, of Milford, and commenced practice in that place about 1807. In 1809 he married Mary James, the daughter of Isaac James, a tanner, of Milford, who was considered one of the prosperous men in that community. Dr. Owens died April 15, 1845, and was buried in the Protestant Episcopal Church-yard in Milford, leaving nine children,— William Henry, John, Edwin, Mary Jane, John, Frederick J., Isaiah, Franklin and Sally. Frederick is a physician at Vernon, Kent County. Dr. Owens’ wife and one daughter were legatees under the will of Col. Benj. Potter. Mrs. Owens died two years after her husband’s death. Dr. John D. Perkins was a graduate of the University of Maryland, and in addition to practicing medicine, was a Methodist local preacher. He removed to Smyrna, and was greatly respected in his dual character. He joined the Delaware Medical Society in 1824. In his later years his mind became impaired. He left a widow and five children, one of whom is a practicing physician in Philadelphia. Dr. James Couper, son of Dr. James Couper and one of the most prominent of Delaware’s practitioners, was born in Christiana, October 3, 1803, but a few years later removed with his parents to New Castle. He was educated in Newark, and in New Garden, Pa., and in 1824 graduated from the University of Pennsylvania Medical School. Dr. George McClellan was his preceptor. Dr. Couper began practice near Downingtown, Pa., but soon returned to New Castle, where he ranked among the leading physicians. He was one of the most active members of the Delaware Medical Society, and represented that body repeatedly in the American Medical Society, of which he was a vice-president. He was a zealous member of the Presbyterian Church. Although at one time in comfortable circumstances, he was one of the sufferers by the failure of the Bank of the United States. Dr. Couper died suddenly of heart disease, and his death was the subject of much regret in the community of which he had been a very popular member. Dr. Robert R. Porter was born in Wilmington in the year 1811. He was a son of Robert Porter, founder of the Christian Intelligencer, and for many years editor and publisher of the Delaware State Journal, and one of the most influential and highly respected men of his day in Wilmington. The son obtained his preparatory education in the best schools of his native town, and in the famous academy of Rev. Dr. Magraw at West Nottingham, Chester County, Pa. Early in life he evinced great fondness for the profession of medicine, and after leaving school prepared himself for it with great assiduity. He entered the University of Pennsylvania and was graduated M.D. from that institution in 1835. Immediately after his graduation he entered the Philadelphia Almshouse Hospital, afterwards called Blockley, and there enjoyed the medical and surgical teachings of the professors of the University of Pennsylvania. Subsequently he was elected resident physician of the Frankford Lunatic Asylum, and while there prepared and published in the American Medical Journal his observations on the condition and treatment of those under his care. While in Philadelphia he assisted Dr. Morton in the preparation of the proem to his work on Phthisis Pulmonalis. In 1836 he returned to Wilmington and settled in practice, where as a young man of much promise, ardently devoted to his profession, he soon acquired a large and lucrative practice. Being also a man of enterprise and public spirit, sympathizing heartily with the interests of the community around him, he soon took a leading position in public affairs, but still continued his professional labors. He was elected a member of the State Medical Society in 1841; continued a member until his death; served as its president in 1858, and was repeatedly a delegate to the American Medical Association. He was a director in the Bank of Delaware for a long period, was a member of City Council for many years and served as chairman of the Financial Committee with the greatest fidelity of purpose. He became extensively engaged in real estate operations in the eastern part of Wilmington, purchasing many tracts of land, improved some of them and sold others on improvement contracts, requiring little or no cash payment and giving long credits. In all these contracts he was liberal and generous, seeking to benefit others as well as himself. Many men of small means thus secured homes through his courtesy and liberality. During his long career as a physician in Wilmington he acquired an extensive knowledge of his profession, and won prominence as a practitioner. He possessed high professional honor, was uniformly courteous and polite toward the members of the medical fraternity, and was held in highest esteem by all with whom he associated. His life was marked by a conscientious devotion to the welfare of his patients, to the support of every enterprise that resulted in public good, and to the development of that broad principle of humanity that made the world better for having lived in it. Some of his personal characteristics were great equanimity of temper, affability of manner, kindliness of heart and purity of character. Dr. Porter was not only a diligent student of the modern works of his own profession, but was well versed in history and general literature. When the Delaware State Historical Society was about to be organized he supported the enterprise with all the enthusiasm of his nature It was greatly through his efforts that the society was removed to its present rooms. His taste was cultivated, his reading extensive and his love of knowledge ardent. He collected about him a choice library in which he found a solace from the labors of his profession. Firm in his religious convictions and conscientious in carrying them out. For many years, until his death in 1876, he was a prominent member of the Hanover Street Presbyterian Church. Dr. Robert Montgomery Bird,(25*) the celebrated author, dramatist and journalist, was born in New Castle, February 5, 1805. He was educated at Germantown and was a medical graduate of the University of Pennsylvania, but did not devote any considerable portion of his life to that profession. A year after receiving his diploma he entered upon the literary career which afterward distinguished him. He resided in Philadelphia until 1839, when he removed to New Castle, where he lived until 1847. In the latter year he returned to Philadelphia and was associated with Morton McMichael in the publication and editorial management of the North American and United States Gazette. In 1841–43 he was Professor of Materia Medica in the Pennsylvania Medical College He married Mary Eliza, daughter of Philip and Lucy Woodbridge Mayer, in July, 1837, and his only child was Frederic Mayer Bird, born June, 1838. Dr. Bird died of brain fever January 23, 1854, and was buried in Laurel Hill Cemetery, Philadelphia. Dr. Alex. Lowber was born in Newark October 4, 1805. He was the son of Thomas Lowber, merchant and farmer, of Frederica, and Catherine, daughter of Alexander MacBeth. Dr. Lowber received his education at the Newark Academy and from Enoch Lewis, a famous tutor of Chester County. Dr. Allen McLane was his medical preceptor, and his diploma was awarded by the Pennsylvania University in 1827. He entered upon his professional career at Greensboro’, removed to Frederica in 1830 and settled in Newark in 1842. He was secretary of the Delaware Medical Society in 1834. On January 9, 1838, he married Adeline, daughter of Col. Henry Whiteley, and their children were Catherine, Dr. Alexander, Adeline Eugenia and Mary Steele, who died in infancy. Dr. Lowber died August 26, 1883, and was buried in the cemetery of the Head of Christiana Church. Commodore Jacob Jones, of whom a sketch will be found in the chapter on the War of 1812, was a practicing physician in Dover before he entered the Navy. He studied with Dr. James Sykes, Sr., whose sister he married. Dr. William Harris practiced in Smyrna for several years, and subsequently removed to Lewes. He died in the latter place. Dr. Edward D. Dailey was a resident of Smyrna, and a member of the Delaware Medical Society in 1854. He was a surgeon in the late Civil War; now dead. Dr. John Brinckloe, who practiced in Milford, was a member of the House of Representatives and of the Senate. He was Speaker of the Senate when he died, March 18, 1828, aged thirty-five years. Dr. Thomas Mackie Smith was born in Philadelphia, June 27, 1809. He was the son of Francis Gurney Smith and Eliza, daughter of Thomas and Eliza Mackie. Dr. Smith was educated at the University of Pennsylvania, and also received his medical diploma from that institution, graduating in 1831. He served a year as resident physician of the Philadelphia Almshouse; in 1834 settled on the Brandywine, four miles above Wilmington. He joined the Delaware Medical Society in 1847, after returning from a trip to Europe for his health. In 1852 he died suddenly of rheumatism, from which he was a sufferer for years. He was buried in the Du Pont family cemetery. Dr. Smith was a conscientious member of Trinity P.E. Church, Wilmington, and was celebrated for his benevolence. He was married September 18, 1834, to Eleuthere, daughter of Eleuthere Irene and Sophie Madeleine Du Pont, who survived her husband twenty-four years. They had no children. Dr. Charles Henry Black was born in Glasgow, New Castle Co., March 23, 1810. He was the son of Dr. Samuel Henry Black, of Glasgow, and Dorcas Armitage Middleton, daughter of Robert Lewden Middleton, and the grandson of David and Margaret (Ferris) Black. He was educated at the Newark Academy; read medicine with Dr. Allen McLane, of Wilmington, and graduated at the University of Pennsylvania in 1830. He settled in Delaware City in 1830; removed to New Castle in 1840 and was appointed clerk of the peace until 1850. While in New Castle he became interested in agriculture and made large purchases of land in New Castle County, which, in company with the late William Couper, New Castle, he was engaged in cultivating when he died, February 8, 1852. Dr. Black was a member of the Levy Court, trustee of the New Castle Commons, director of the Farmers’ Bank of New Castle and held various other positions of trust. He was buried in the Episcopal Cemetery of New Castle. In January, 1837, he married Ann, daughter of John and Margaret (Wiley) Janvier, and left a family of eight children— John Janvier, Margaret Janvier, Dorcas Armitage, Charles H., Harriet Lawrence, William Janvier, Frank Middleton (deceased) and Samuel Henry. Dr. Edward Dingle was the son of the Rev. Edward Dingle, rector of Christ Church, Snow Hill, Md. He studied medicine and settled at Dagsboro’, where he died in 1841. He was one of the last judges of the Superior Court of the State under the Constitution of 1792, and a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1832. Dr. Edward C. Dingle, a native of Kentucky, was born about 1810, and brought, when quite young, to this State. He was the nephew of Dr. Edward Dingle, judge of the Court of Common Pleas of Kent County. Dr. E.C. Dingle was a graduate of the Jefferson Medical College, and was elected a member of the Delaware Medical Society in 1827. He began practice in Millsboro’, Sussex County, and married a daughter of Paul Waples, of Dagsboro’ Hundred. He removed to Philadelphia, and in 1845, while on his return, was taken suddenly ill at Milford and died. His remains were interred on the farm of his father-in-law. His daughter Emma survived him and is a resident of Texas. Dr. James Schee Naudain, a member of the Delaware Medical Society from 1832 to ’84, was the son of Hon. Arnaud Naudain, M.D., and Mary Schee, whose ancestor was Arnaud, the grandson of Elias N. and Ghael Arnaud Naudin, Huguenot refugees, naturalized in London in 1682. Dr. James S. Naudain was born in Dover, September 24, 1811. He was educated at West Point, and attended medical lectures in Baltimore and Philadelphia. He commenced the practice of his profession in Middletown, Del., where his father had previously been located for thirteen years, and prosecuted it with marked success. He married Ann E, daughter of James and Jemima Foard Blakiston, of Maryland, in 1832. After the death of his wife, Dr. Naudain made his home with his father, in Wilmington, where he died May 23, 1884, a year later, and was buried in the cemetery of Drawyer’s Church. Dr. Andrew Naudain, son of Andrew Naudain, of Kent County, was born December 30, 1812, and on the death of his mother, a month later, was adopted into the family of his brother, Dr. Arnold Naudain, with whom he subsequently read medicine, graduating from Jefferson College in 1836, and joining the Delaware Medical Society. He began practice near Dover, whence he removed to Philadelphia and engaged in other business. He married Virginia Chambers, of that city. Subsequently he located at West Farms, New York, and resumed practice. He died there in 1864, leaving three orphan children, his eldest daughter becoming the wife of Dr. Robie, of the State of Massachusetts. John Vaughan, M.D., one of the most eminent physicians of his day, was born in Uwchlan township, Chester County, Pa., June 25, 1775. His grandparents, John and Ruth Vaughan, were both of Welsh descent, and resided in the same county. Joshua Vaughan, his father, married Jane Taggert, and during the period of the Revolution was deputy sheriff of Chester County, and custodian of the prison. In 1780 he became a member of the First Baptist Church of Philadelphia. In 1787 his membership was transferred to the church at Brandywine; he was ordained pastor of this church, and also preached at Bethesda Church. He was an eloquent and impressive speaker, and loved and revered by his people. He died August 30, 1808. Dr. John Vaughan, his son, was educated at Chester, where he was carefully taught the English branches, and obtained a knowledge of the classics. This acquirement was, however, rendered more perfect by his diligent and close attention to classical literature in after-life. He studied medicine with Dr. William Currie, of Philadelphia, and attended medical lectures at the University of Pennsylvania in 1793 and 1794. In March, 1795, he located for the practice of his profession at Christiana Bridge, in Delaware, where he continued until 1799, when he removed to Wilmington. His scientific attainments and success speedily introduced him into an extensive practice in Wilmington, and acquired for him a reputation which few men of his early age have ever had the good fortune to enjoy. Among his intimate friends were many persons of eminence and celebrity. He was a corresponding member of the Philadelphia Academy of Medicine, honorary member of the Medical Society of Philadelphia, member of the American Medical Association, and an active member of the Delaware Medical and Philosophical Societies. Before the latter society, in 1799 and 1800, he delivered courses of lectures on chemistry and natural philosophy in the Town Hall at Wilmington. In 1802, when the yellow fever raged in Wilmington, he was unremitting in his care of the persons who were afflicted with that dread disease, being the only physician who remained during the continuance of that fearful epidemic. The next year, at the request of the American Philosophical Society, he wrote a pamphlet entitled "A Concise History of the Yellow Fever." During the winter of 1806–7 his health became gradually impaired; his constitution naturally weak, was evidently yielding to the fatigue and exposure necessarily incident to a very extensive and laborious practice. In March, 1807, he contracted a severe cold, was attacked with a violent cough, which, after continuing for several days, developed into typhoid fever, and in the course of one week deprived medical science of a bright ornament and society of a highly-esteemed and useful member. He died March 25, 1807. His publications were an edition of Dr. Smith’s Letters, a "Chemical Syllabus," and numerous communications on a variety of subjects to the Philadelphia Medical Museum and the New York Medical Repository. He also published "Observations on Animal Electricity," in explanation of the metallic operation of Dr. Perkins, the object of which was to explain the operation of the metallic tractors, for which he was a zealous advocate. In manner and appearance Dr. Vaughan was sedate and thoughtful— but in his intercourse with the afflicted he was always affable and peculiarly kind and gentle. It was truly said of him, "the tears of the poor and friendless bedew his memory, for his bosom was the seat of humanity and feeling, kindness beamed in his countenance and active benevolence warmed his heart." Dr. John Vaughan was married in 1797 to Eliza, daughter of Joel Lewis, marshal of Delaware. He left four children, of whom Dr. Joshua Franklin Vaughan was one. He was born in Wilmington, Del., in 1802, and, like his father, he adopted the profession of medicine, and practiced Wilmington, having graduated from the Medical Department of the University of Pennsylvania in 1823. He married Louisa M. Sellars, and died in the year 1834, leaving one son, J. Frank Vaughan. Dr. J. Frank Vaughan was born in Wilmington, Delaware, March 12, 1833; he was the son of Dr. Joshua Franklin Vaughan, above mentioned. He was educated in Wilmington. He then entered the office of Dr. Henry F. Askew as a student of medicine, at the same time attending the regular course of lectures at the University of Pennsylvania. He graduated from the Medical Department of said institution in 1854, and immediately commenced the practice of his profession in Wilmington. He was an active member of the Delaware Medical Society, continuing his membership even after he had ceased the practice of his profession; being very deeply interested in biological research, especially through the medium of the microscope. In 1857 he married Mary, the only daughter of Benjamin Masden, a wealthy retired English gentleman. After his marriage, the Civil War breaking out, he devoted his time and ability to the furtherance of the Union, which he so greatly loved, holding many important and arduous positions during that most trying period. He was prominent in the formation of the Union League and was chosen its president, also serving as chairman of many committees, being always foremost and unflagging wherever his duty called, in season and out. Under the severe strain consequent upon these duties his health gave way and he was forced to abandon his practice. His health continued unimproved,— he suffered acutely from rheumatism, and finally, on July 15, 1866, he died, leaving a widow and three children— two sons and a daughter, named respectively, William, B. Masden, and Annie M. Dr. Vaughan was a man of handsome presence and most charming manner, of sterling worth and integrity, and great kindliness; he was honored and admired by all, and loved by those who knew him well. Dr. William H. Barr,(26*) of Middletown, Delaware, was the son of Dr. Martin and Jane Adams Barr, of the same place. He was a graduate in medicine of the University of Pennsylvania in 1850 and immediately began practice in Middletown, and became a member of the Delaware Medical Society in 1873. Dr. Barr was identified with the Episcopal Church, and was celebrated for his piety and his success in his profession, to which he devoted all his time and energies. He died suddenly, on the 13th of May, 1884, and was buried in the Forest Cemetery. Dr. Barr never married. Dr. Richard S. Culbreath was a native of Frederica. He studied medicine with Dr. Cloud, at Annapolis, Md., graduated and joined the Delaware Medical Society in 1841; removed to Smyrna and died in 1857. Dr. Culbreath left a widow and five children, one of whom, George S., was a surgeon in the United States navy, and was lost on the coast of North Carolina in that memorable storm in which the United States ship "Huron" was wrecked. His body was buried on the coast, and afterwards disinterred by his brother Richard and brought to Smyrna for interment in St. Peter’s cemetery, by the side of John G. Black, his wife’s father. Dr. John Merritt was born at St. George’s, New Castle County, March 21, 1816. He was the son of John Merritt, who was the first collector of the District of Delaware after the War of 1812, and during his life was engaged in responsible public positions. His occupation was that of a farmer. The family descended from the Swedes, and owned property in what was called Vance’s Neck, in St. George’s Hundred; his mother’s maiden-name was Elizabeth Van Home. Dr. Merritt was one of four brothers, all of whom were physicians. He was educated at the old Middletown Academy, studied medicine with Dr. Cuthbert S. Green, of Middletown, and received his diploma from the University of Pennsylvania in 1843. He became a member of the Delaware Medical Society and began practice in Middletown, where he remained until 1856, and was for several years president of the academy. In 1856 he was appointed consul to Tunis, but resigned in a year and returned to his practice in Middletown. In 1860 he was appointed clerk of the peace of New Castle County by Governor Burton, in which office he was retained by Governor Saulsbury. Dr. Merrit was a member of the Episcopal Church. He died suddenly of apoplexy and was buried at St Anne’s Church, Middletown. His wife was Sarah Elizabeth, daughter of Peter B. Delaney, of New Castle, to whom he was married in 1844. They had five children, of whom only one, John, survives. Dr. Thomas Cahall, born at Burrsville, Kent County, Maryland, June 19, 1819, was the son of Archibald Cahall. He was educated at Denton, Md., and studied medicine with Dr. Gove Saulsbury, of Dover, graduating from Jefferson Medical College in 1848, when he located permanently at Frederica. He was a member of the Delaware Medical Society; was a State Senator from 1863 to 1867 and an influential member of the Methodist Episcopal Church. He died in July, 1885. Dr. Cahall was married, September 4, 1849, to Sarah A., daughter of Thomas and Elizabeth Sipple Vickrey, and their children are Thomas V. Cahall, a physician practicing in Dover, and Samuel Cahall. Dr. Charles Edward Ferris,(27*) born in Pencader Hundred, New Castle County, December 23, 1820, was the son of Jacob and Susan Whann Ferris. He was educated at the New London and Newark Academies and Delaware College; attended lectures in the Medical Department of Yale College and obtained his diploma from Jefferson College in 1849. He located at Newark, and in 1851 was elected Professor of Chemistry in Delaware College until 1858. In 1859 he removed to New Castle, established a drug-store and practiced medicine; in 1864 was appointed surgeon to the military hospitals, Alexandria, and afterwards attached to the Ninth Delaware Regiment, at Fort Delaware, as assistant surgeon, and was mustered out of service with that command in January, 1865. Dr. Ferris then returned to New Castle, where he remained until his death, March 30, 1881. He was buried in the Pencader Presbyterian cemetery. His wife, Maria Louisa, was the daughter of Samuel Garrett. Dr. Benjamin F. Chatham was born in Mullica Hill, New Jersey, in 1821, and graduating from the Pennsylvania School of Medicine in 1846, settled at Leipsic, this State. Dr. Jump, of Dover, was his preceptor. In 1847 he became a member of the Delaware Medical Society. From Leipsic he removed to Wilmington, and thence to Odessa, where he was made cashier of the New Castle County Bank. In 1867 he was appointed assistant cashier, and subsequently cashier of the Philadelphia National Bank. Dr. Chatham died in Nov., 1879. He was a member of the Fortieth Street Methodist Episcopal Church of Philadelphia. Dr. Chatham's wife was Elizabeth, daughter of Cornelius P. Comegys, late Governor of the State of Delaware, who still survives him. He left several children. Dr. James W. Thomson was born in Virginia, and was a medical graduate of the University of Virginia. He removed to Wilmington about 1830, and soon obtained a good practice, which gradually increased until he ranked among the first physicians of that city. He also became interested in agriculture, and, with Manuel Eyre, of Philadelphia, purchased a large tract of land about three miles east of Wilmington. This speculation did not prove successful, and from various causes, Dr. Thomson's professional business declined, until, eventually, with broken health and impaired mind, he removed to Philadelphia about the year 1868. He died in 1882. He became a member of the State Medical Society in 1828, and in 1841 was elected president. He was president of the State Agricultural Society, and took an active part in the agricultural and horticultural exhibitions which were annually held in Wilmington. He married the daughter of Colonel Robinson, of New Castle County. Dr. John Kintzing Kane was born in Philadelphia, December 18, 1833. He was the son of John Kintzing Kane, a native of Albany, New York, whose father was Elisha Kane, son of John and Sybil Kent Kane, and whose mother was Alida Van Rensselaer, daughter of General Robert Van Rensselaer. John Kintzing Kane, the elder, was a resident of Philadelphia, a lawyer and judge of the United States District Court for Pennsylvania, and his wife was Jane Duval, daughter of Thomas Leiper. Dr. John K. Kane was educated at the University of Pennsylvania. He spent a year in Maine with Alexander Dallas Bache, superintendent of the Coast Survey, and read medicine with Dr. John K. Mitchell and Dr. S. Wier Mitchell, graduating at the Jefferson College. He passed an examination before the Naval Commission at Washington, and sailed on the polar expedition sent out in 1854 to search for Dr. Elisha Kent Kane, his brother. The expedition used the government ves-cl "Rescue," in connection with the "Arctic," and after an absence of a year, returned with the celebrated explorer. Dr. John Kane, on their return, accompanied his brother Elisha to Cuba, and remained with him until he died. He then went to Paris to pursue his medical studies, and returned to Philadelphia to practice. In 1861 he was appointed army surgeon at the Cairo (Illinois) Hospital, and subsequently surgeon at the Government Hospital at Chester, Pennsylvania, where he remained a year, attending to a private practice at Wilmington at the same time. In 1868 he was appointed surgeon of the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad Company; in 1876 was a commissioner to the Centennial Exhibition; and in 1879 was elected president of the Delaware Medical Society. Dr. Kane was highly educated, a finished linguist, very literary and domestic in his tastes, and was somewhat of a musician and artist. He was greatly esteemed as a physician and citizen. He died at Summit New Jersey, March 22, 1886, after ten days' illness from erysipelas. At the time of his death he was on a visit to a sick daughter. Dr. Kane was buried in the cemetery of the Old Swedes' Church. His wife was Mabel, daughter of Hon. James A. Bayard, to whom he was married October 1, 1863. Their children were Annie Frances, John Kintzing, Jean Duval Leiper, Florence Bayard, Elizabeth Bayard, James A. Bayard, John Kent and Robert Van Rensselaer. Swithin Chandler, M.D., of Faulkland, was born in Mill Creek Hundred, New Castle County, Delaware, January 5, 1830. The Chandlers are supposed to have been Normans who went over to England with William the Conqueror. In the parish of Wilcot, in England, the records show the entries of marriages and baptisms dating back to 1568. George Chandler, the ancestor of the family in this country, left his home at Greathodge, Wiltshire, England, in 1687, with his wife Jane and seven children, named as follows: Jane, George, Swithin, Thomas, William, Charity and Ann. The father died at sea, December 13th of that year. Swithin, who was born Sixth Month 24, 1674, married Ann -----, and they had twelve children. The sixth, Swithin, born Tenth Month 1, 1715, married Ann Wilson, and they had eight children, the first being Esther, born Seventh Month 4, 1740. George, another son of the ancestors George and Jane, married Ruth Bezer in 1698. Their first child, George, married Esther Taylor in 1724, and their first child, Isaac, was born Tenth Month 30, 1732. He, being a great-grandchild of the ancestors, George and Jane, married Esther Chandler, also a great-grandchild of the same through descent from Swithin, one of the seven children who came from England. Isaac and Esther had twelve children; the sixth, Swithin, born Fourth Month 1, 1769, married Ann Gregg, born Eleventh Month 14, 1774. She was a daughter of Abram and Mary Heald Gregg, and granddaughter of George and Mary Gregg. Swithin and Ann Gregg Chandler had eleven children, and the third, Thomas Jefferson, born Ninth Month 1, 1800, died May 15, 1872, married Sarah Craig Yarnall, daughter of Ephraim and Mary Craig Yarnall and granddaughter of ----- Yarnall, whose ancestors were in Delaware County, Pennsylvania, in 1684. She was born Eighth Month 24, 1807, and died August 27, 1880. They had twelve children, four of whom are living. The second was Dr. Swithin Chandler, the subject of this sketch, and one of the sixth generation of descendants of George and Jane. The Yarnalls are also from an English family that came to the United States in 1684. Several generations of both Chandlers and Yarnalls have lived in Mill Creek Hundred and were members of the Society of Friends. When between the ages of six and seven years our subject went to live with his grandfather, who died a year or two later. Young Swithin remained with his grandmother until he was sixteen years of age. He worked on a farm in 1846, spent the summer of 1847 in a grocery store in Wilmington, returned home in the fall and worked on a farm during the summers of 1848, 1849 and 1850, attending public schools during the winter seasons. In the fall of the last year he entered the academy of the Rev. Samuel A. Gayley, in Wilmington. He went to Dr. William Notson's office and drug store in December, 1851, and attended lectures at the Pennsylvania Medical College during the sessions 1852–53 and 1853–54, and graduated March 4, 1854, without missing a lecture. During his summer vacation of 1853 he taught a public school at Lebanon, Kent County, Delaware. In April, 1854, he left for Texas in a sailing vessel, and landing at Galveston, spent two months with Hon. Anson Jones, M.D., in Middle Texas, near Washington. Having returned home in August of the same year, he located at Hockessin, Mill Creek Hundred, in the October following, and engaged in the practice of his profession. He married Sarah Lindsey, December 24, 1856, and removed to Brandywine Springs (same hundred), April 13, 1857. His wife died January 4th, following. On January 29, 1863, he married R.A. Rubincame. Dr. Chandler was a member of the Red Clay Creek Presbyterian Church, in which he was a ruling elder, and president of the board of trustees. He represented his church in the Presbytery of New Castle, and the latter body in the Synod of Baltimore. In 1858 he was elected clerk of School District No. 33, was re-elected in 1861, and served by successive re-elections until his death. In politics he was a Democrat, and was on that ticket as candidate for State Senator in 1866, when he was defeated by less than one hundred votes. In 1878 he was elected to the House of Representatives, and on the organization of that body was chosen Speaker. He was elected State Senator for four years in 1882, and re-elected to the House of Representatives in 1886. During the four sessions of the Legislature he attended he repeated his college record, and never missed a roll-call. He was a member of the Delaware State Medical Society, of which he was secretary, vice-president, president, member of various committees and president of the Board of Medical Examiners. At the commencement exercises in 1863 he introduced an innovation by presenting a graduate in medicine a book instead of flowers, and his example has turned the tide in that direction. Dr. Chandler always took a lively interest in educational affairs and was a trustee of the Newark Academy. He was chairman of the Democratic County Committee, many times a delegate to the State Convention, and presided over that body. He was for years a member of the State and County Executive Committees of his party, and for many years served in the capacity of chairman. Dr. Chandler was a prominent Odd Fellow and Free Mason. In the former he served as District Deputy Grand Master of Delaware, and in the latter, to which he was admitted in 1870, he held important positions in the Blue Lodge, and served as Deputy Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Delaware. He died of heart disease suddenly at his home, near Brandywine Springs, December 21, 1887. He was subject to attacks, and had been feeling unwell for some time, but the last attack was unexpected. He was buried on Christmas day. Over one thousand friends and relatives attended his funeral, many of his old associates in the Legislatures in which he had served participating. The services were conducted by the Rev. George Porter, and the funeral cortege proceeded to the Red Clay Presbyterian Church, where further services were held and interment made. Following is a list of deceased members of the Delaware Medical Society, whose history could be obtained: Alexander, Archibald 1789 Adams, John 1822 Adams, Levin H. 1830 Alrich, John 1853 Andre, J.R. 1860 Allaband, S.C. 1865 Blindell, James 1791 Brown, Gorris 1796 Burton, John 1812 Barr, Martin 1824 Bryant, Thomas S. 1824 Brinton, Geo. B. 1825 Brinckle, J.R. 1826 Battle, P.B. 1827 Burton, William 1830 Barstow, Jarvis G. 1842 Burton, T.M. 1847 Burr, Nelson 1850 Bries, J.S. 1855 Colesbury, Henry 1793 Cochran, R.E. 1811 Clement, F.W. 1836 Crawford, Geo. W. 1837 Cullen, Thomas F. 1847 Carter, Walter K. 1849 Chaytor, Geo. W. 1851 Derrickson, James 1822 Derrickson, William 1830 Derrickson, W.B. 1833 Fisher, Samuel 1798 Fooks, Kendall 1833 Foulks, Charles T. 1846 Fisher, Daniel G. 1855 Gemmill, Wm. McB. 1823 Green, Cuthbert S. 1824 Garden, Wm. A. 1851 Green, Thomas H. 1868 Hall, Joseph 1798 Hill, John S. 1789 Hudson, James A. 1830 Hall, James H. 1833 Handy, J.H. 1835 Heyward, Jacob F. 1851 Houston, J.M. 1858 Harris, J.C. 1862 Hough, T.L. 1867 Hudders, Geo. W. 1867 Hearn, William J. 1867 Jamison, Robert 1790 Jones, John 1792 Johns, Arthur 1811 Jones, A.J. 1838 Johnson, John 1822 Jones, Geo. C. 1847 Jones, Charles W. 1857 Jackson Louis D. 1859 Johnson, William, Jr. 1870 Kemp, J. McK. 1868 Lee, L. Hooker 1789 Lofland, James P. 1851 Laws, Blitha 1823 Lister, James 1824 Lewis, Phocian P. 1828 Lofland, Mark G. 1853 Locuston, J.S. 1856 Macdonough, Thomas 1789 Molliston, William 1789 Miller, Matthew 1789 Marsh, John 1789 McMecker, William 1789 Maxwell, John G. 1822 Morris, John L. 1823 Moore, Jacob 1824 Murphy, Andrew 1825 McCaffrey, W. 1826 McKall, Leonard 1827 Mitchell, James R. 1828 Maxwell, William S. 1830 Murphy, Samuel 1830 Maxel, George W. 1830 McCabe, R.R. 1836 Miller, George McC. 1856 May, B.L. 1858 Maloney, W.B. 1865 Melvin, Walter 1866 Martin, J.A. 1868 Massey, James T. 1871 Needham, Ezekiel 1789 Norris, John C. 1854 Norris, George C. 1862 Nowland, James A. 1862 Preston, Jonas 1789 Polk, John 1789 Peterson, Henry 1789 Pollock, John B. 1795 Porter, Parlee 1811 Pleasanton, Samuel 1826 Price, Isaac M. 1827 Perkins, William S. 1850 Russell, Washington 1825 Richards, Elias S. 1828 Reynolds, Alexander 1829 Rogers, Julian 1847 Rogers, T.C. 1857 Rebman, L.S. 1870 Smith, Ebenezer A. 1789 Stout, Thomas M. 1822 Squib, T.J. 1826 Springer, J. 1826 Stuart, W.W. 1842 Smith, Thomas M. 1847 Sutton, James N. 1848 Sanborn, Albert H. 1853 Simpson, Joseph 1854 Sharp, Edward S. 1855 Sarde, Samuel S. 1859 Stafford, James J. 1864 Sharp, Wesley 1866 Shoemaker, E.B. 1874 Shipley, Joseph H. 1850 Thomas, Nathan 1790 Thomas, John C. 1826 Tennent, Henry 1834 Thompson, John A. 1851 Truitt, George R. 1856 Tracy, T.P. 1867 Travers, F.R. 1869 Thomas, C.B. 1870 Vanhoy, Abraham 1813 Wilson, Thomas 1792 Wilson, James F. 1841 Waite, Francis D. 1824 Waples, Peter 1825 Worrell, Edward 1826 Webb, — 1831 Willis, Henry F. 1854 Webster, GEO. W. 1856 Wiltbank, A.S. 1858 Walsh, F.W. 1832 Yan, M. 1825 Lewis Potter Bush,(28*) M.D., the third member of the family that has borne that name since David Bush, the second son of Christoph and Elizabeth Bush, settled in Wilmington, and the fourth son of David Bush, a great-grandson of Christoph Bush, was born in Wilmington, October 19, 1812. His mother was Martha Potter, of Bridgeton, New Jersey. His father, David, was a shipper and wholesale dealer in flour and resided at Front and French Streets, Wilmington, having his place of business, storehouses and office on French Street wharf. Dr. Bush began his early scholastic education, first in the Davenport Academy, Wilmington. Afterwards he attended the academy of Rev. Francis Latta, M.D., in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, where he made more particular preparation for the collegiate course which he took at Jefferson College, Pennsylvania, and finished in 1831, during the college-presidency of Rev. Dr. Matthew Brown. He subsequently received the degree of A.M. from his alma mater. He then entered the Medical Department of the University of Pennsylvania at Philadelphia, and received the degree of M.D. from that institution in 1835. After graduation as a doctor of medicine, to increase his skill as a practitioner, he spent fourteen months as a resident physician in the Blockley Hospital, of Philadelphia. He then came to Wilmington and began the practice of medicine in 1837, and has remained in the same city in active practice from that date until the present time, January, 1888. In addition to the arduous duties inseparable from the profession of a physician, Dr. Bush has been appointed, and found time, to prepare many interesting and valuable papers upon various topics germane to his regular work. He has prepared and read before the State Medical Society of Delaware, of which he was president in 1860, thoughtful papers, "On Typhoid Fever," "The Life and Character of Dr. Edward Miller," "The Proper Registration of Births, Marriages and Deaths," "A Plea and Argument for the Continuance and Governmental Support of a National Board of Health at Washington,’ "A Report setting forth the Importance of the State Board of Health, and asking the support of the members for it," "A Report on the Amendments to the Charter of the State Medical Society," and one on the "Vital Statistics of the City of Wilmington from 1847 to 1877." Also sketches of the "Lives and Character of seventy-five deceased members of the State Medical Society." The doctor served as port-physician of Wilmington, and, at different times, for ten years, as a member of the Board of Health of Wilmington, for five years serving as president of it. He is a member and the corresponding secretary of the Delaware Historical Society, and also a member of the Pennsylvania and Virginia Historical Societies. He is the present president of the Delaware Bible Society. He is the president of the Association of Resident Physicians of Blockley Hospital, Philadelphia. In 1886 he was president of the American Academy of Medicine. At this time he is president of the Board of Managers of Delaware College. The Delaware Historical Society also has been the recipient of valuable papers from Dr. Bush’s facile pen. He has contributed to it a sketch of the "Life and Character of Benjamin Ferris," another of the "Life and Character of Alexander Hamilton Rowan," a paper on "Iceland one thousand years ago," "A Report on the Seals of the State of Delaware." For the American Academy of Medicine he has prepared and submitted a paper on "Vaccination;" one on the "Delaware State Medical Society and its Founders in the Eighteenth Century;" one on the "Value of a Classical Education to the Physician and Student of Medicine," and while president of the academy, an address on the "best means of increasing the number of its members and the influence of the Academy." For the Delaware State Board of Health, he prepared papers on "The Hygiene of Homes," on "Malaria," and on "The Resuscitation of the Drowned." These abundant labors combine to prove that the doctor is devoted to his profession and earnest in his advocacy of all right and practicable efforts to promote its cultivation and ethics. In his religious life, Dr. Bush is an intelligent and influential member and elder of the Presbyterian Church, holding these local relations in the Central Presbyterian Church of Wilmington. In 1839 Dr. Bush was married to Maria, daughter of Morgan and Mary Hemphill Jones, and to them have been born seven children, viz.: Mary Hemphill, who married the late C. Rodney Layton; Martha Potter, who married Henry Ward; Lewis Potter, Eugene Elmer, Alexis Kean, James Hemphill Jones and Florence. Of these William Ward and the two youngest children just named, survive, and have their homes in Wilmington. In person, Dr. Bush is rather spare. He is five feet eight and one-half inches in height, active in his movements, of agreeable countenance and cultivated manners, in his carriage and courtesy perpetuating the refined deportment which marked the gentleman of the last generation. His general health is still good, and he is so highly esteemed as a skillful physician that he is not permitted by those who know him to withdraw altogether from labors, which have now been extended over half a century. As a consequence, he is still (1888) more or less active among the respected physicians and families of Wilmington. Dr. James H. Wilson, of Dover, Kent County, Delaware, now one of the leading physicians in that section of the State, is of Scotch-Irish lineage. His ancestors about 1642 went with the Scotch emigration to the northern part of Ireland. William Wilson, the great-great-grandfather of the subject of this sketch, was born March 8, 1708; married to Ann Niell August 24, 1736; came to this country in 1737 and settled on a tract of land which he purchased in Kent County about eight miles south of Dover, where they reared a family of ten children. James Wilson, the eldest son of William and Ann Neill Wilson, was born on the ocean during an unusually prolonged voyage, June 18, 1737, while they were en route for America. On May 3, 1782, he married Elizabeth White. William Wilson, born of this marriage May 3, 1783, was the grandfather of Dr. Wilson. James Wilson died August 19, 1786; his wife Elizabeth survived him until March 18, 1812, when she died at the age of sixty-five years. Their son William Wilson married Ruth Cardean, a member of a prominent family of Delaware, of French descent. Their children were Sally Ann, Elizabeth White, John Cardean and William Niell Wilson. Sally Ann married a well-known citizen of this State. Thomas B. Coursey, candidate for Governor in 1810. Elizabeth White married McIlroy McIlvaine, of Magnolia, Kent County, whose land adjoined the tract upon which William Wilson, the founder, settled in 1737, known for more than a century as the "White House." William, the youngest son, died in 1853 in his twenty-third year. John Cardean Wilson, father of Dr. Wilson, and the eldest son of William and Ruth Cardean Wilson, was born July 21, 1817, and died November 22, 1876, He was an enterprising and progressive farmer in Kent County, took an active interest in State and National politics, and as a Whig was frequently nominated a candidate for the State Legislature when that party was in the minority in his county. He was a jovial, affable and popular man and always received more than the party vote. Subsequently, as a candidate of the Democratic party, he was twice elected a member of the Delaware House of Representatives. By his first marriage with Susan Hopkins, daughter of James and Mary Coomb Hopkins, he had two children, Dr. James H. Wilson and Samuel Coomb, who died an infant. His first wife died in 1845, at twenty-two years of age. He was subsequently married to Elizabeth Satterfield, by whom he had eight children. The following survive: William S, residing in Dover; Arthur in Philadelphia; Charles B. and Ella reside with their mother on the homestead in Kent County. Dr. James H. Wilson was horn in Kent County, Delaware, June 3, 1842. After leaving the schools in the vicinity of his birth, he entered the Smyrna Academy, taught by Rufus Sanders. He next attended the Fort Edward Institute in Washington County, New York, an institution which has educated a great many prominent men. Having completed his preliminary education, he returned to his native State and began the study of medicine under the instruction of his uncle, Dr. Benjamin C. Hopkins, at Felton, Delaware. In 1863 he entered the Medical Department of the University of Pennsylvania, attended four full courses of lectures, graduating in 1867. Dr. Wilson then began the practice of medicine in Philadelphia, and in the meantime took a post-graduate course of one year each at the University of Pennsylvania and Jefferson Medical College, which gave him superior advantages for a thorough preparation for his profession. He remained seven years practicing in Philadelphia, during which time he was also physician to the Northern Dispensary and city physician. Health failing, he came to his native State to recuperate, and after fully recovering settled in Dover in 1877, and has since devoted all his time and attention to the duties of an extensive and successful practice in the State Capital and over a large area of the surrounding country. Dr. Wilson is a diligent student of the modern literature of his profession, and is an expert and skilful surgeon. While a resident of Philadelphia he was an active member of the Pathological Society and Northern Medical Society of that city, and is now an honorary member of both. Since 1872 he has been a member of the Delaware State Medical Society, and since 1874 surgeon for the Pennsylvania Railroad Company. On December 11, 1867, Dr. Wilson was married to Sarah Emily McIlvaine, the daughter of McIlroy and Elizabeth White McIlvaine. Both he and his wife are members of the Methodist Church in Dover. In politics he is a Republican. Dr. Wilson, his brothers and sister are the only members of the family bearing the Wilson name in Delaware. Hugh, the son of Hugh, and great-grandson of William Wilson (the first American settler), in 1835 moved to Indiana and settled on the present site of Fayetteville, Fayette County, which county town is built on land formerly owned by him. He accumulated a large amount of property. Ebenezer, another great-grandson, and Ann Neill, the great-granddaughter of the first William, moved to Iowa in the same year, where the family at the present time is quite large. HOMOEOPATHY. The Homoeopathic school of physicians follows the theory and practice first adopted by Samuel Hahnemann, a native of Germany, who was born at Meissen, in Cur Saxony, April 10, 1753. He passed several years at Stadtschule, and at the age of sixteen began to attend the Furstenschule of Meissen, where he remained eight years. His father was poor and frequently took him from school, but his teachers encouraged their ambitious pupil and gave him instructions free of charge. He entered Leipsic with twenty crowns in his pocket, the last money ever received from his parents. He was robbed of the greater portion of this money and being thus thrown upon his own resources, supported himself for two years at the University by translating celebrated works into German. In order to accomplish this he was in the habit of sitting up altogether every alternate night. He subsequently studied at Vienna with Dr. Quarin, and practised in the hospital for two years. Thence he went to Hermanstadt as a private physician, and afterwards to Erlangen where he took the degree of Doctor of Medicine, August 10, 1779. He practiced at various places until 1789 when he returned to Leipsic and applied himself with his accustomed energy to the study of medicine, chemistry and kindred subjects. He wrote eighteen treatises, and made many experiments. He observed that Peruvian bark, a well-known specific for intermittent fever, when taken in large doses produced a condition similar to the disease. He tested a number of drugs, convinced himself and advanced the theory that a remedy which would cure a certain disease would also produce a disorder very similar to that disease in a healthy person, and that the reverse was equally true— that a drug which produced a certain disease in a healthy body would cure it in a sick one. From experiments which he made upon himself and induced others to make he was led to found the system of medicine which he termed homoeopathia, a term derived from two Greek words homoios (similar) and pathos (feeling or suffering). Many German physicians tested the principles of Hahnemann, and afterwards advocated them. Dr. Hahnemann devoted himself to his profession, wrote ten volumes of the "Materia Medica Cura," and attended to a large practice, effecting cures on persons of eminence in promulgating the theory of minimum doses. His greatest work is entitled the "Organon of Rational Medicine," which has always been and doubtless will continue to be a text-book of the homoeopathic profession. In 1831 he rendered efficient service during the prevalence of the cholera, and in 1836 he left Leipsic to reside with the Duke of Coëthen, where he perfected his system. During his residence at this place he cured Mademoiselle D’Hervilly Gohies, a member of a prominent family of France, of a dangerous malady and married her when he was eighty years of age. He removed with his wife to Paris where he died July 2, 1844, aged eighty-nine. He had a slender body, but his head was large and well proportioned, and he was known among his contemporaries as a man of fine intellect. Homoeopathy was first introduced into the State of Delaware by Dr. J.C. Gosewisch, a graduate of the North American Academy of the Homoeopathic Healing Art, at Allentown, Pa. Dr. Gosewisch settled in Wilmington in August, 1839. The law of the State provided that no person not a practitioner prior to February 4, 1802, should practice medicine or surgery or collect fees therefor without having obtained a license from a Board of Examiners, which board consisted of three members of the State Medical Society. Dr. Gosewisch passed a satisfactory examination, but the next day he received an official communication refusing to grant him permission to practice. This action of the board led the friends of homoeopathy to send a petition to the next legislature resulting in the passage of an act exempting physicians of the Thomsonian, Botanic and Homoeopathic systems from examination by this board. Dr. Gosewisch after having fought the pioneer battle for the homoeopathic system died in May, 1854. Dr. J. Richardson Andrews, the pioneer of the system in Camden, N.J., was in Wilmington a few months in 1843. Doctors Harlan, Negendank, Thomas, Tantum and others came after Gosewisch, and carried on a controversy with the allopaths for a number of years through the medium of public debate and newspaper discussions, until the system had become established in the State. In 1876 there were nine homoeopathic physicians in Wilmington and about twenty in the State. There are now sixteen in Wilmington and quite a number throughout the State. The organization of a State medical society by the homoeopathic physicians was attended by many difficulties. About the year 1868 the first society was formed with August Negendank president, and Drs. Kittinger, Tantum, Anderson, Shaw, Thomas, Isaiah Lukens and Quinby members; but, as its president declared, it died a natural death. Afterwards the Delaware State Society was organized by Drs. Kittinger, Lukens, Lawton, Curtis and others, and also resulted in a failure. The third and successful movement was made in 1883, when the homoeopathic physicians of Wilmington issued a call for their colleagues throughout the State and Peninsula to meet in Wilmington on Thursday, January 10th, 1884, for the purpose of organizing a medical society. To this the following responded: Drs. A. Negendank, L. Kittinger, L.A. Kittinger, Isaiah Lukens, J. Paul Lukens, J.M. Curtis, C.H. Lawton, J. Harmer Rile, Peter Cooper, A.E. Frantz, S. Chadwick, of Wilmington; and J.W. Crumbaugh, of Hockessin; C.O. Swinney, of Smyrna; and T.H. Cooper, of Chestertown, Maryland, and letters of sympathy and encouragement were sent by Dr. Dawson, of Milford; Dr. Kennedy, of Middletown, and others. This meeting resulted in the formation of the present "Homoeopathic Medical Society of Delaware and the Peninsula." The officers elected were L. Kittinger, president; T.H. Cooper, vice-president; J. Harmer Rile, recording secretary; J. Paul Lukens, coresponding secretary; W.F. Kennedy, treasurer; Messrs. Negendank, Swinney and Crumbaugh, censors; J.M. Curtis, delegate to the American Institute of Homoeopathy. On January 8, 1885, the society again met in Wilmington, and J.W. Crumbaugh was elected president; and on January 13, 1886, the society again convened and A. Negendank was chosen as the executive. At the latter meeting the date of the annual meetings was changed to November. On November 11, 1886, the society held a very interesting and successful meeting at Dover. A number of new members were received, and a rule was adopted referring candidates who desire to read medicine with any member of the society to a board of examiners, whose duty it was to examine all such applicants as to their educational fitness to study medicine. The officers chosen for 1887 were J.G. Dawson, president; Peter Cooper, vice-president; I.M. Flinn, recording secretary; R.K. Colley, corresponding secretary; A.E. Frantz, treasurer. The members of the society are Drs. A. Negendank, E.T. Negendank, L. Kittinger, L.A. Kittinger, J.M. Curtis, C.H. Lawton, J.H. Rile, J.P. Lukens, S. Chadwick, A.E. Frantz, Peter Cooper, L.W. Flinn, I.M. Flinn, J.W. Crumbaugh, J.W. Cooper, T.H. Cooper, W.C. Karsner, W. Urie, C.O. Swinney, J.G. Dawson, W.F. Kennedy, E.S. Anderson, J. Smith, J. Moore, E.B. Fanning, W.D. Troy, R.K. Colley. The officers for 1888 are Peter Cooper, president; E.S. Anderson, vice-president; I.M. Flinn, recording secretary; R.K. Colley, corresponding secretary; A.E. Frantz, treasurer. Caleb Harlan, M.D., was born in Milltown, Mill Creek Hundred, New Castle County, October 13, 1814. His father, John Harlan, was born in the same place, August 31, 1773. He was, therefore, forty-one years old when his only child was born. He belonged to the Society of Friends. The doctor studied medicine three years and graduated at the old University of Pennsylvania in March, 1836. From his mother, Elizabeth (Quinby) Harlan, he inherited a very frail constitution, which compelled him, while a student, to live on a very low diet, and to travel on foot a thousand miles. At the age of twenty-one he began the practice of medicine near the Brandywine Springs, and established his health by riding eleven years through the country in the discharge of his professional duties. By careful attention to fresh air and proper diet he has been able to practice over fifty years without the loss of a day from sickness. While residing in the country he became a convert to homoeopathy. In 1847 he moved to Wilmington to practice the new system. Here he met with such opposition that he was induced to publish "A Lecture on Allopathy and Homoeopathy." This was noticed by the eminent Dr. Herring, in his periodical, in the following terms: "Very ably written; full of interesting remarks, and a great many new ideas." In 1863 the doctor purchased Plumgrove farm, a few miles from the city, and required his farmer to plow in green crops for manure. These experiments, continued for years, were so satisfactory that the doctor wrote a work upon the subject, which sold freely all over the country. A second edition, revised and enlarged, has since been published in a handsome volume, with a portrait of the author, by J.B. Lippincott & Co. Being a full treatise on farming with green manures, "this volume," it is said, "has no equal in Europe or America." It is in demand as a text-book and as a book of reference upon the subject of which it treats. Dr. Harlan is very fond of polite literature, and while living in the country he wrote "Elflora of the Susquehanna" and "The Fate of Marcel." In Wilmington he wrote "Ida Randolph." "Elflora" is a poem in the heroic couplet, which Byron says "is perhaps the best adapted measure to our language." The doctor’s poetic taste, endorsing this judgment of the well-known poet, selected this measure for his own favorite work. One is constantly reminded, as he reads "Elflora," of that graceful flow of verse which is so attractive in Campbell’s "Pleasures of Hope." Of the general character of this work as a poetical production some idea may be had by the perusal of a portion of the impassioned utterances of one of her admirers, who vainly hoped to captivate the heart of Elflora by the seizure and incarceration of her beautiful person. After her imprisonment in a secluded cave, Marcel, her ruffian captor, tries to move her to admiration by saying,. . . "The dark-eyed daughters of chivalric Spain, And all of Grecia’s honored old domain, The maidens of Italia’s rosy land, The dames who tread Circassia’s lofty strand, The noble Briton, and the Frank less free, Whose stars of beauty burn beyond the sea, Do not possess, in form nor earthly shrine, A soul whose flashes lighten brows like thine." The effect of this extravagant adulation upon the beautiful, heroic captive is expressed in similar rhythm, as follows: "Enough! enough! for all that thou canst say," Exclaimed the maiden as she turned away, "Shall not avail thee, never change my mind, Though servile praises be with force combined. I do disdain thee, and I fear thee not; I scorn thy homage, I despise this plot. Stand back! Hands off! I am not in thy power! Alone I am not in this trying hour. In God I trust: I know that He is here, And will protect me if I have no fear; For ever paralyzed that hand shall be If laid with passion’s dark intent on me." Canto II., Sects. VI., VII. From the Rev. Dr. R.W. Landis, of Kentucky, who is will known as a profound classical scholar, this work and its author received high praise. Among other things, Dr. Landis says: "The versification has nothing to fear from a comparison even with Dryden." To the author he says: "You have the flow, cadence and rhythm of Dryden; your power of description is equal to his." Other critics have concurred in the foregoing estimate of the poem and its author. A high mark of appreciation and confidence was shown towards Dr. Harlan by his cousin, John Ferris, late of Wilmington, who died in 1882 worth a quarter of a million of dollars. He selected Dr. Harlan as his sole executor and trustee, and stated in his will that the doctor "should not be required to give security for the faithful performance of his duties." After the estate was settled there was a residue of over eighty thousand dollars, "to be applied," says the will, "by Dr. Harlan for the benefit of the necessitous portion of the human family that may come to his knowledge." The testator suggested that "if used for a House of Refuge it would have his approval." Hence, "The Ferris Reform School" was established and all the residue assigned to the institution. Dr. Harlan (Caleb, not Charles, as has been published) prepared and published a little Memoir of John Ferris, believing that the life and deeds of Mr. Ferris deserve some space in the world’s thought. In December, 1886, Dr. Harlan published a work in pamphlet form entitled "Mental Power, Sound Health and Long Life— How obtained by Diet." This work is full of valuable instruction and sells rapidly. It promises and almost guarantees, if its counsels are followed, a century of comfortable, vigorous, happy life without an excess of infirmity, and free from the wearisome decrepitude which so often accompanies old age. At the age of twenty-seven the doctor married Eliza Montgomery, a young widow lady, a member of the Presbyterian Church, and remarkable for her piety and good sense. They had three children: Elgarda, Elizabeth and John. The first was married to Dr. T.C. Hutchinson, of Philadelphia. She died at thirty-two, leaving no children. Elizabeth died in her nineteenth year. John studied medicine, and received his degree as a physician at the Hahnemann Medical College. Fifteen months after graduation, he died with consumption. It is the conviction of Dr. Harlan that the children inherited hepatic disease from their grandmother, who died five weeks after the birth of her only child, the subject of this sketch. Dr. August Negendank was born in Gustrow, Mecklenburg-Schwerin, August 6, 1823. He was educated at the high school of his native place, and attended the Klinik at Kiel, in Holstein. He emigrated to this country in 1849, and entered the office of Dr. G. Pehrson, of Philadelphia, where he remained three years, attended lectures and graduated at the Philadelphia College of Medicine. After acting as assistant surgeon with Dr. C. Hering for two years, he removed to Wilmington, where he has since been engaged in the active practice of his profession. He is a member of the American Prover’s Union and the American Institute of Homoeopathy, and has also been active in forming the Peninsular Society of Homoeopathic Physicians. He has contributed his services as attending physician to the Home for Friendless Children and the Orphanage, two charitable institutions of Wilmington. He is the Medical Director of the Homoeopathic Free Hospital. One of his sons, Egmont T. Negendank, read medicine with his father, studied at the University of Pennsylvania, and graduated at the Hahnemann College in Philadelphia, in 1887. He has commenced the practice of medicine at Wilmington. Dr. Joseph R. Tantum was born in Monmouth County, N.J., April 12, 1834. He was educated in the best schools in that section of the country, and at the age of twenty-one engaged in mercantile pursuits, and afterwards in the drug business, which he was obliged to abandon on account of failing health. Having a taste for medical studies, he read medicine with Dr. O.B. Gause, of Philadelphia, graduating in 1865 from the Homoeopathic Medical College of Pennsylvania, and removed to Wilmington, where he established a good practice. He died in 1887. Dr. Percy L. Tantum, his son, was born in 1863. He studied medicine with his father and, under the direction of Prof. Pancoast, graduated from Jefferson Medical College in 1885. He located in Wilmington. Dr. William W. Thomas was born in Delaware, and received his early education in Wilmington. His parents died when he was young, and he lived with his uncle, Judge Way, until of age, when he engaged in mercantile business. Having been cured by homoeopathy of asthma, from which he was a sufferer for many years, he decided to adopt that science as a profession, and became a student of Dr. J.C. Gosewisch, entered Jefferson College, of Philadelphia, and graduated at the Western Homoeopathic College, Cleveland, Ohio, in 1860. He located in Wilmington and practiced until about 1877, when he retired. Of his seven children, five were boys, one of whom, C. F. Thomas, is a merchant in Wilmington. Dr. Isaiah Lukens was born in Montgomery County, Pa., November 4, 1816, and was educated in the Friends’ schools at Burlington and Hadsborough. He read medicine with Dr. G. Y. Jones and graduated at the University of Pennsylvania in 1848. He succeeded Dr. Jones, and remained in Montgomery County six years; then removed to Cleveland for two years, and in 1855 returned to Philadelphia, where he was professor of oral surgery in the Pennsylvania Medical College for six years. Becoming a convert to homoeopathy, Dr. Lukens in 1868 removed to Newport, and in 1880 to Wilmington, where he practiced medicine until his death, August 9, 1887. Leonard Kittinger, M.D., was born in Philadelphia, April 27, 1834. Dr. John Kittinger, his paternal ancestor, came to Germantown, Pa., from Germany prior to the Revolutionary War, and became a large landholder in that place. His son, Leonard Kittinger, was a merchant in Philadelphia. His first wife was Sarah Cress, of Germantown, and their only child, Henry C. Kittinger, married Ann Eliza Dixey, and practiced law for a number of years in his native city, when he removed to Trenton, N.J., where he became judge of the Court of Common Pleas two terms of five years each, by appointment, and the last term, owing to a change in the Constitution, by election,— making a period of fifteen years that he served on the bench. Originally a Democrat, he became a Republican at the breaking out of the war, and was a warm friend and supporter of President Lincoln. He was a man of sterling worth and commanded the respect of those who knew him. He removed to Washington in 1864, where he died in 1879, aged sixty-six. His children were Dr. Leonard Kittinger and three daughters, two of whom are married in that city. Dr. Kittinger was graduated at Princeton Academy, N.J., also at Edge Hill Grammar School, from which he was graduated with honor. After completing his literary education he removed to Trenton, N.J., with the intention of carrying out his life-long desire of studying medicine; but his health being delicate, he relinquished his design under advice of a physician, and engaged in mercantile pursuits; but merchandising was uncongenial to his tastes, and upon regaining his health in 1859, he entered as a student the office of Dr. O.B. Ganse, professor of obstetrics and diseases of women and children in the Pennsylvania Homoeopathic Medical College, an institution which has since been consolidated with Hahnemann Medical College. He was graduated in 1863 with the degree of M.D., after completing a very thorough course of instruction. He immediately commenced practicing medicine in Flemington, Hunterdon Co., N.J., where he remained until April, 1866, when he removed to Wilmington, where he still resides; here he has earned the well-merited respect of his contemporaries in the profession, and has met with great success, especially in obstetrics and diseases of women and children— a success of which he might justly feel proud. He was in 1869 elected a member of the American Institute of Homoeopathy. In 1871 he was appointed one of the physicians to the New Castle County Almshouse and Insane Asylum, a position which he held for one year, until a political change took place in the board of trustees, adding by his success to the reputation of the homoeopathic system of medical treatment. He has also served as physician in charge of the Home for Aged Women; a noble institution, conducted by the benevolent ladies of Wilmington. He has taken an active part in promoting the interests of his chosen profession, and was at one time president of the Homoeopathic Medical Society of Delaware and Peninsula. He is a physician in charge of the maternity department of the Homoeopathic Free Hospital. He is a Republican, and has served on the Board of Public Education in Wilmington; but he devotes his best energies to his profession, in which he has achieved deserved eminence. In 1859 Dr. Kittinger married Miss Emma, only daughter of Hon. Obadiah Howell, a prominent citizen of Trenton, N.J., and of an old and highly-respectable family. They have three children,— Leonard Armour, M.D., (in partnership with his father), Charles Howell, and. George Batchelder the latter a graduate of Cornell University, are bankers in Seattle, Washington Territory. Dr. Leonard Armour Kittinger, oldest son of Dr. Leonard Kittinger, was born in Trenton. N.J., April 22, 1860. He graduated at Pennington Seminary in 1878; studied medicine with his father; graduated at Hahnemann Medical College, Philadelphia, in 1881, and located with his father. He was secretary of Hahnemann Medical Institute when a student, and is now secretary of the Homoeopathic Medical Society of Delaware and the Peninsula. He is a member of the American Institute of Homoeopathy and physician for the Home of Aged Women. He has figured somewhat in politics as chairman of the Republican City Executive Committee and as Secretary of the New Castle County Republican Executive Committee. Dr. Jackson K. Bryant came to Newark about 1858, and was the first homoeopathic physician in that place. He removed to New Jersey in 1862, and is now in Philadelphia. Dr. Alexander Shaw succeeded him in Newark, and remained until about 1870, when he also removed to Philadelphia. Dr. Lee M. Whistler was born in Harford County, Md., in 1839. He was educated at the Belair Academy; studied medicine with Dr. J.B. Crane; graduated at Pulte Medical College, Cincinnnati, in 1868, and practiced there for ten years; then he removed permanently to Newark. Dr. Watson F. Quinby was born near Brandywine Springs, New Castle County, in 1825. He was educated at West Town and Haverford schools; studied medicine with Dr. Harlan, and graduated from Jefferson Medical College in 1847. He commenced the practice of medicine in Mobile, Ala., and went from there to California in 1849. He returned to Wilmington in 1852, where he has since remained in the practice of his profession, applying allopathic treatment, when requested, but preferring the Hahnemann system. Dr. Edwin S. Anderson, a native of Lawrence County, Ohio, was born January 13, 1844, and studied medicine with Dr. Stanley, of Marietta, Ohio. He graduated at Hahnemann Medical College, in Philadelphia, in 1866, and located in Marietta. In February, 1868, he settled in Dover, and his predecessors at Dover were Dr. John F. Baker, of Attica, N.Y., who came in 1866 and removed about 1870, and Dr. Cator, who came about the same time, but did not locate permanently. Dr. Thomas O. Clement, a native of Kent County, read medicine with Dr. E.S. Anderson and Dr. J. Nicholas Mitchell. Graduating at Hahnemann Medical College in 1880, he practiced medicine a short time on the Eastern Shore of Maryland and then removed to Dover. Charles Henry Lawton, M.D., was born in Newport, R.I., February 15, 1832. His father, Job Lawton, married Rebecca Cranston, a descendant of John Cranston, who was Governor of the Colony of Rhode Island, as was also his son Samuel— the latter for many successive terms, until he died in 1727. The Cranstons are descended from the Scottish Lord Cranston, whose son married into the royal family of the Stuarts. Dr. Lawton, having received a good English education, at the age of fifteen was apprenticed to his brother, W.F. Lawton, to learn the plumbing business. In 1851 he was made a partner, under the firm name of William F. Lawton & Co. During the financial panic of 1857 the firm became embarrassed and the partnership was dissolved. Mr. Lawton was always fond of the study of human nature, and during his leisure hours he familiarized himself with phrenology and physiognomy— partly for amusement; but he has since found the knowledge thus obtained has been beneficial to him in his practice. About this time Mr. Lawton met with Dr. A. Page, of Boston, who was obtaining wonderful success in the use of electricity as a therapeutic agent. He became his student, and, after a thorough course of instruction, commenced the practice of electro-therapeutics. He made this treatment a specialty for fourteen years, performing many remarkable cures, and meeting with uniformly good success. Having an inherent antipathy to the allopathic school of medicine, and at that time, knowing of nothing better, he sought, as far as possible, to avoid all kinds of medication. In 1870, through the influence of a patient, he was led to investigate the claims of homoeopathy, and it was not long before a new light dawned upon him. He for the first time saw that there was a science in medicine, that homoeopathy was the exponent of a universal principle. From this time forth his life-work was decided, and he immediately enrolled himself as a student in Hahnemann Medical College at Philadelphia, from which he was graduated in 1872. While there he was elected consecutively to the offices of president and treasurer of the Hahnemann Medical Institute. In 1872 he was elected a member of the American Institute of Homoeopathy, and has served as chairman of the bureau of paedology, member of the bureau of materia medica, also on committee on legislation in Delaware. In 1880, while a member of the Bureau of Materia Medica, he read a paper before the American Institute of Homoeopathy, on "Proofs of Medicinal Power above the Sixth Decimal." He discussed the subject of Potentization from a scientific stand-point, tracing an analogy between the action of our potentized medicines and a law of physical science. He also prepared a paper on Therapeutic force, or proofs of medicinal power beyond the limit of drug attenuation, which was published a few months later in the "North American Journal of Homoeopathy." This article elicited high commendation from Dr. Lilienthal, the editor, and Dr. H.N. Guernsey declared that it was beyond criticism. He also wrote among other things that have been published on the question, "Is similia similibus curantur a universal law, and is it reliable in cases of emergency?" "Proofs of medicinal presence and efficiency in attenuations above the 30th decimal as furnished by the tests of clinical experience;" "What is Homoeopathy?" "Shock, its etiology and diagnosis;" "Physiology of Dentition." He was elected a member of the International Hahnemann Association in 1882, and has served as chairman of the Bureau of Surgery and as member of the Board of Censors. He assisted in organizing the Delaware Homoeopathic Medical Society, and has served as corresponding secretary, member of the Board of Censors and president. He has been twice elected delegate to the American Institute of Homoeopathy. In 1884, when an organized effort was made on the part of the homoeopathic profession throughout the country to create a fund for the benefit of the National Homoeopathic Hospital at Washington, he was appointed chairman of the executive committee for the State of Delaware. He is a member of Eureka Lodge No. 23 A.F.A.M., Delta Royal Arch Chapter No. 6, and of St. John’s Commandery No. 1 K.T., also a member of the Improved Order of Heptasophs, Wilmington Conclave, No. 22, being its medical examiner. In 1857 Dr. Lawton married Miss Elizabeth West. They have one child, Ella E., the wife of Rev. Edward P. Tuller, a Baptist clergyman, in Newport, R.I. Dr. Irvine M. Flinn was born October 20, 1854, near Newport. Having taken a preparatory course of study with Professor Wm. A. Reynolds, of Wilmington, he was elected Professor of Mathematics in Conference Academy, Dover, in 1874. In the fall of 1876 he entered the sophomore class at Lafayette College, Easton, Pa., and graduated in 1879. In 1880 he was principal of the Pottsville Grammar School, and in 1881 took a two years’ course of medicine in Jefferson Medical College of Philadelphia. Then he entered Hahnemann Medical College, and on graduating located in Newport. Dr. Lewis W. Flinn was born at Newport, Delaware, September 15, 1858. He received his early education at Newport, and in Professor Reynolds’ School, graduating at Lafayette College in 1880. He read medicine with Dr. Boyer, at Pottsville, graduating at Jefferson Medical College, in 1883, and subsequently at Hahnemann Medical College. He commenced practice at Wilmington the same year. Dr. J.F. Frantz was born in Lancaster, Pa., graduated at Hahnemann College in 1876, and entered into partnership with Dr. J.R. Tantum. In 1882, he retired from the active practice of medicine, and is now President of the Wilmington Dental Manufacturing Company, and of the Welch Dental Company of Philadelphia. Dr. A.E. Frantz was born at Lancaster, Pa., September 2, 1858. He graduated at Millersville State Normal School, and studied medicine with Dr. J.R. Tantum and J.F. Frantz, graduated at Hahnemann College in 1882, and located in Wilmington. Dr. James Paul Lukens, son of Dr. I. Lukens, was born March 29, 1855, and was educated in Philadelphia High School, and Swarthmore College. He studied medicine with his father, and graduated from Hahnemann College in 1878. He first located at Newport, and removed to Wilmington in 1882. Dr. Peter Cooper was born February 4, 1858, in Kent County, Delaware. He was educated at Felton Adademy, and read medicine with his brother, Dr. C.H. Cooper, of Chestertown, Maryland. After graduating at Hahnemann College in 1881, he commenced practice with his brother and in 1882 removed to Wilmington. Dr. J. Harmer Rile, who was born in Philadelphia, May 13, 1857, has resided in Wilmington since 1864. He was a pupil of Professor Reynolds, a member of the first graduating class in 1875, began the study of medicine under Dr. Leonard Kittinger, and entered Hahnemann College from which he graduated in 1879. He began the practice of medicine in Wilmington and was one of the organizers of the State and Peninsula Medical Society. In 1887 he became a member of the American Institute of Homoeopathy. His wife is a daughter of Jones Guthrie, Esq., of Wilmington. Dr. Sylvester Chadwick was born in Delaware County, Pennsylvania, and was educated in Brandywine Academy and Delaware College. He studied medicine with Dr. Harlan, graduating at Hahnemann Medical College in 1880, and commenced practice in Wilmington. He is a member of the Wilmington Board of Public Education. Dr. Curtis O. Swinney, class of 1878; Dr. Thomas C. Moore, class of 1884; Dr. E.B. Fanning, class of 1885; all graduates of Hahnemann Medical College, of Philadelphia, are practicing medicine at Smyrna; Dr. Benj. G. Frame, of the class of 1885, is practicing in Kenton; Dr. J.G. Dawson, successor of Dr. Strong, is at Milford; Dr. J.C. Kennedy at Middletown; Dr. J.M Smith at Moorton, and Dr. Kirkpatrick at New Castle. EPIDEMICS AND VITAL STATISTICS.— Regarding the health of the early settlers of Delaware, little is known of the diseases or epidemics from which they suffered. Noah Webster, in his History of Epidemics and Pestilential Diseases, alludes to the terrible severity of the winter of 1641, and the great sickness that prevailed among the Swedes during the following summer. In 1647, the Swedes were visited similarly by an epidemic that prevailed throughout all of the colonies. From what he says it is certain that there were few, if any, of sufficient medical skill to cope successfully with the epidemic. "Such as were bled or used cooling drinks, died; such as used cordials or more strengthening things, recovered for the most part." Eight years after, another fearful epidemic came on. Of the nature of these contagions nothing definitely is known. The first positive information of epidemics in Delaware, commences with the yellow fever in 1793. This dread disease had been raging with such virulence in Philadelphia as to cause an immense overflow to Wilmington. The Christiana River was crowded with Philadelphia sailing vessels to so great an extent that there was scarcely any room left for the passage of boats; every available house, or part of house, was inhabited by fugitives; all the stables and other out-buildings were devoted to the storage of goods and property of the strangers, and in consequence of their presence the scourge made its appearance also in Wilmington, but from all accounts was largely confined to the Philadelphians. Notwithstanding the risk and danger the people of Wilmington treated their enforced guests with every consideration, and Mathew Carey, the Philadelphia publisher, in his work on the scourge acknowledged their disinterested kindness and sympathy in the following terms: "The people of Wilmington have acted in the most friendly manner toward our distressed citizens. At first they were a little feared and resolved on the establishment of a quarantine and guards. But they immediately dropped these precautions and received the people from Philadelphia with the most perfect freedom. They erected an hospital for the reception of our infected citizens, which they supplied with necessaries. Yet of eight or ten persons from Philadelphia who died in that town of the malignant fever only one was sent to the hospital. The others were nursed and attended in the houses where they fell sick. Humane, tender and friendly as were the worthy inhabitants in Wilmington in general, two characters have distinguished themselves in such a very extraordinary manner as to deserve particular notice. These were Dr. Nicholas Way and Major George Bush, collector of the port, whose houses were always open to the fugitives form Philadelphia, whom they received with the smallest apprehension, and treated with a degree of genuine hospitality that reflects the highest honor on them. The instances of this kind through this country have been very few, but they are, therefore, only the more precious, and ought to be held up to public approbation." In 1798, following a reappearance of the scourge in Philadelphia, the yellow fever reached Wilmington in August, creating a panic, particularly in the lower part of the town near the Christiana, where it broke out, and extending to the higher portions of the town and the village of Brandywine. A number of prominent citizens were among its victims, a list of whom included James Lea, Sr., residing near the Town Hall; two sons of Joseph Tatnall; Ebenezer McComb, the merchant trader and his wife; the wife of Colonel Tilton; Major Patten, the grandfather of Judge Wales; Joseph Miller, a young lawyer; ten out of a family of eleven at McComb’s Wharf; J. Provost, at Hemphill’s Wharf; and the wife of Isaac Henderson, a merchant trader. A third visitation of yellow fever occurred in Wilmington in 1802, following another epidemic in Philadelphia. The Board of Health inaugurated a rigid quarantine, and took every possible precaution against the introduction of the plague, but without effect. The disease appeared on August 2d, and a week later there were several cases in town. There were, however, no deaths until September 1st, when Johnson Owens, a shallopman employed by Cyrus and Robert Newlin, succumbed. A week later the fever assumed a milignant shape in the lower part of the borough, principally on King Street below Second Street; the alarm became general and people fled to the country in large numbers. Thirty-four deaths occurred during September. On October 1st there were only six hundred and five people in town south of Market Street, of which number twenty-five were sick. The disease raged with increased violence subsequent to October 15th and thirty-one deaths occurred from that time to November 2d, when the appearance of frost stopped the contagion. Among the later deaths was that of John Ferris, Jr., who during the epidemic of 1798, and the present year, had been unceasing in his attentions to the sick. He died on October 31st. Colonel Thomas Kean, an officer of the Revolutionary army, was also one of the victims. The latter numbered eighty-six out of one hundred and ninety-seven cases, of which one hundred and fifty-six cases and fifty-five deaths occurred east of Market Street and south of Third Street.(29*) Following is a list of the deaths which occurred during the period: Johnson Owens. Wilson Kendall. Thomas Musgrove, a child. William Preston and wife. Mary Brown. Mary Reynolds. Mordecai Cloud. Sarah Thompson. Ann Hadley. Ruth Alderdice. Peter Lowther. R. Fenwick’s child. Hannah Robinson. Mary Smith. Mary Bates. Esther Carpenter. Penelope Days. Walter Cummins. Sweetapple, a child. John Hadley’s child. Hannah Swayne. Josiah Coolen. Hesther Warner. Christian Beurman. Abner Dickinson. Alphonso Aldeidise. Ann Jackson. William Thompson. Levina Witsal. E. Joice, a child. Elizabeth Springer. Samuel Musgrove. Eliza King. Linah Hindman. Phoebe Mendenhall. Susanna Kawn. Ann Catherwood. Elihu Chandler. Andrew Catherwood. Lydia Vallet. Rachel Peterson. Samuel Whitaker. Joseph Burton. Margaret Kean. Isaac Stevenson’s child. Sarah Hartley. Ann Thompson. Thomas Clarke. Thomas Musgrove. James Brown. Phoebe Jordon. Sarah Webb. William Sharp. Susanna Kendall. John Harvey’s child. William Hawkins. John Armstrong’s child. Mrs. Bodill’s child. James McMinn. Sarah Brian. Edward Smith. Manassah Scantling. Cleland Boyd. Jonas Alrichs. Edward Carpenter. John Hogg. Lydia Warner. Mary Janvier. Elizabeth Biays. Rebecca Taylor. Cleland Boyd, a child. Hetty Sutton. Sarah Kean. William Sherer. Henrietta Gairy. James Smith’s child. John Martin. Hannah Harlan. Peter Young. John Ferris. Thomas Kean, Esq. Daniel Morrison. Elizabeth Biays, Sr. In 1853, there were a few cases of yellow fever on the north bank of the Brandywine, which were traced to bilge-water and decayed vegetable matter in an old shipyard. A short time before the Revolutionary War a disease known as "Welsh Fever," developed among the passengers on the ship "Liberty," just in from Wales. It extended to the town of Wilmington and a great many of the inhabitants contracted it. Hospitals were improvised in tents and adjacent farm-houses. Up to August, 1832, Wilmington was celebrated as a refuge from cholera, and many fugitives from various portions of the country came here to escape the plague. At this time, however, the disease made its appearance in Wilmington, but in a mild form, the cases aggregating but forty-seven; deaths seventeen. In 1849, the cholera reappeared in Wilmington, and between June 29th and August 3d, there were sixty-five deaths and one hundred and sixteen cases altogether. The majority of the cases were at the almshouse, where seventy-eight inmates out of one hundred were affected and forty-seven died. Wilmington was visited by smallpox for the first time late in the eighteenth century, and it prevailed in a mild form on several occasions until 1871, when it continued for one hundred and sixty-six days from November 24th. Within that period there were three hundred and sixty-one cases reported to Henry Eckel, president of the Board of Health, and there were fifty additional cases, making four hundred and eleven altogether. In 1876 there were few fatal cases. In 1881, it prevailed from January 1st to May 1st, resulting in eighty-one cases and did not really disappear until May, 1882. From January 4, 1883, to June, two hundred and fifteen cases of smallpox were reported, and to December, two hundred and fifty cases and eighty-one deaths. The number of deaths in Wilmington annually from 1848, when the registration was commenced, to 1888, was as follows: 1848 408 1849 377 1850 304 1851 351 1852 355 1853 358 1854 420 1855 412 1856 461 1857 510 1858 428 1859 453 1860 447 1861 421 1862 472 1863 519 1864 490 1865 454 1866 441 1867 456 1868 538 1869 494 1870 524 1871 549 1872 700 1873 669 1874 693 1875 856 1876 683 1877 671 1878 841 1879 871 1880 935 1881 1341 1882 1143 1883 1091 1884 1190 1885 1019 1886 905 1887 1089 In a paper read before the Delaware Medical Society in 1877, Dr. L.P. Bush, President of the Wilmington Board of Health, gave the following statistics regarding that city: In 1870, the population of the city was 30,840, of which 3211 were colored. The population in 1877 was nearly 38,000. The average number of deaths yearly from 1870 to 1877 was 725, or 1 to each 47 inhabitants. The number of deaths annually from typhoid fever from 1865 to 1871 was 154; from 1872 to 1877, 21. This disease made its appearance in 1838, at Brandywine Springs, from which point it spread north and west. The first case recognized as diphtheria appeared in Wilmington in 1860. From 1847 to 1860, only 9 deaths were reported from throat diseases. From 1860 to 1865 inclusive, 71 deaths from diphtheria were reported, and for the six succeeding years 46; from 1872 to 1877 there were 61. During the years 1847 to 1851, when the typhoid fever prevailed to an alarming extent, almost no deaths from throat disease were recorded, showing that the causes of these diseases are not identical. This conclusion also seems justifiable from the additional fact that the mortuary record of the two diseases here, after the establishment of the diphtheria, bear no especial relation to each other. From 1855 to 1860, there were one hundred and sixty-eight deaths from cholera infantum; from 1860 to 1872 there were 292. From 1871 to 1877, there were 79 deaths from croup; 153 from marasmus and inanition; 91 from pneumonia and 325 from phthisis. In 1794, when Wilmington contained about 2900 inhabitants, William Poole and Isaac Starr made a list of 147 persons in the borough who were over 60 years of age; 13 of whom died between 60 and 70; 50 between 70 and 80; 52 between 80 and 90; 16 between 90 and 100; and 2 over 100; average longevity, 80 years. In 1820, population 5268; inhabitants 80 years old, 50; 1866, population 25,000; octogenarians, 150. In 1881, out of 1341 deaths, 102 were between 60 and 70; 73 between 70 and 80; 44 between 80 and 90 and 4 between 90 and 100 years. In 1882, out of 1143 deaths, 70 were between 60 and 70; 78 between 70 and 80; 36 between 80 and 90, and 10 between 90 and 100 years. In 1883, out of 1091 deaths, 90 were between 60 and 70; 71 between 70 and 80; 47 between 80 and 90; 6 between 90 and 100, and 2 over 100 years. In 1884, out of 1191 deaths 140 were over 70 and 4 nearly 100 years old. In 1885, out of 1019 deaths, 142 were over 70 and 8 over 90 years. In 1886, out of 905 deaths, 80 were over 60; 71 over 70; 37 over 80 and 4 over 90 years. REGISTRY OF PHYSICIANS. The physicians registered in the office of the clerk of the peace of New Castle County, together with the institutions from which they graduated and their location, are as follows: Bullock, Wm. R., Wilmington, University of Pennsylvania 1847 Bush, Lewis P., Wilmington, University of Pennsylvania 1835 Burwell, John P., Wilmington, Jefferson Medical College 1880 Broughman, George W., Stanton, Jefferson Medical College 1863 Barr, W.H., Middletown, University of Pennsylvania 1850 Belville, Frank, Delaware City, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Baltimore 1875 Bliss, Oliver, Wilmington, American Eclectic 1876 Blockson, J.W., Wilmington, Jefferson 1871 Brown, Thos. A., Wilmington, Jefferson 1873 Black John I., New Castle, University of Pennsylvania 1862 Burr, Horace, Wilmington, Yale College 1842 Boyd,. John, Wilmington, University of Pennsylvania 1834 Burr, Wm. H., Wilmington, University of Maryland 1884 Barr, Martin W., Middletown, University of Pennsylvania 1884 Ball, L. Heisler, Stanton, University of Pennsylvania 1885 Bush, J.H.J., Wilmington, Jefferson Medical College 1886 Boeswald, F., Wilmington, Eclectic Institute 1886 Bradford, Thos. Budd, Wilmington, University of Pennsylvania 1884 Ball, C.D.E., Wilmington, University of Maryland 1880 Corse, W.H., Wilmington, University of Pennsylvania 1872 Chamberlain, G.G., Middletown, University of Pennsylvania 1848 Cameron, John, Wilmington, Hygeia Therapeutic, N.Y 1860 Carrow, Flemming, Wilmington, National Medical College 1874 Chandler, Swithin, Faulkland, Medical Department of Columbia University and Pennsylvania Medical College 1854 Cooper, Smith, Wilmington, University of Pennsylvania 1876 Cooper, Peter, Wilmington, Hahnemann Medical College 1881 Cumbough, J.W., Hockessin, University of Pennsylvania 1878 Chandler Jos. H., Centreville, Jefferson Medical College 1860 Calvin, Wm., Booth’s Corner, Philadelphia College 1864 Chadwick, S., Wilmington, Hahnemann Medical College 1880 Cardeza, John T.M., Claymont, University of Pennsylvania 1844 Cardeza, John D.M., Claymont, University of Pennsylvania 1877 Curtis, J.M., Wilmington, Hahnemann Medical College 1869 Coates, L.P., Summit Bridge, University of Pennsylvania 1886 Cantwell, Geo. H., Wilmington, Jefferson Medical College 1883 Corkran, Willard F., Wilmington, University of Maryland 1884 Draper, Jas. A., Wilmington, University of Pennsylvania 1860 Dunlap, Francis S., Delaware City, University of Pennsylvania 1861 De Witt, J.W., St. George’s, Jefferson Medical College 1863 Day, F. Harvey, Rockland, University of Pennsylvania 1885 Devon, I.L., Wilmington, Hahnemann Medical College 1872 Eberts, J.E., Wilmington, Washington University and College of Physicians 1876 Enos, Thos. A., Townsend, Jefferson Medical College 1879 Evans, Wm, D., Newark, University of Pennsylvania 1881 Flinn, Irvine M., Newport, Jefferson Medical College 1883 Flinn, Lewis W., Wilmington, Jefferson Medical College 1883 Frantz, A.E., Wilmington, Hahnemann Medical College 1882 Fraser, Edward E., Wilmington, Jefferson Medical College 1887 Greenleaf, R.P., Henry Clay P.O., Medical Department of Pennsylvania College 1855 Gosewich, E.W., Wilmington, Hahnemann Medical College 1877 Green, C., Wilmington, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York 1880 Grimshaw, A.H., Wilmington, University of Pennsylvania 1845 Green, Chas. D., Kirkwood, University of Pennsylvania, 1848 Gardiner Richard Wilmington, Hahnemann Medical College 1870 Griffiths, J.P., Wilmington, Eclectic Medical College 1862 Harlan, Caleb, Wilmington, University of Pennsylvania 1836 Hamilton W.N., Odessa, Jefferson Medical College 1836 Hughes M.J., Wilmington, Jefferson Medical College 1883 Henry, Columbus Newark, University of Pennsylvania 1871 Heald, Pusey, Wilmington, Hygeia Therapeutic College, New York 1863 Heald, Mary H., Wilmington, Hygeia Therapeutic College, New York 1864 Hitch, Wm. S., Wilmington, Jefferson Medical College 1861 Herbst, H.H., Wilmington, University of Pennsylvania 1881 Isenschmid, Paul, Wilmington, American University, Phila 1872 Johnson, R.P., Wilmington, University of Pennsylvania 1850 Jones, Arthur E., Newark, Jefferson Medical College 1884 Kirkpatrick, H.P., New Castle, Hahnemann Medical College 1876 Kirchner, C.W., Wilmington, Heidelberg and Jefferson Medical College 1848 Keables, Thos. A., Wilmington, Georgetown College, D.C 1872 Kittinger L.A., Wilmington, Hahnemann Medical College 1881 Kollock, H.G., Newark, Jefferson Medical College 1872 Kennedy, W, F., Middletown, Hahnemann Medical College 1873 Kittinger L., Wilmington, Homoeopathic Medical College, Phila 1863 Lukens, Isaiah, Wilmington, University of Pennsylvania 1848 Lukens, J. Paul, Wilmington, Hahnemann Medical College 1878 Lowber, Alex., Newark, Jefferson Medical College 1882 Lawton, C. H., Newark, Hahnemann Medical College 1872 Lippincott J., Newark, Eclectic Medical College, Cincinnati, O. 1881 Maull, D.W., Wilmington, Jefferson Medical College 1853 Mitchell, A.B., Delaware City, University of Maryland 1866 Mitchell, Taylor S., Hockessin, Jefferson Medical College 1875 Mitchell, Geo. B., Wilmington, New York Homoeopathic 1867 McKee, R.B., Middletown, Pennsylvania Medical College 1859 McKay, Read J., Wilmington, Bellevue Medical College 1867 McMaster, Mary J., Wilmington, American Eclectic Medical College 1879 Mann, Geo. W., Wilmington, Jefferson Medical College 1882 Moat, Jas. M., Wilmington, Hahnemann Medical College, Chicago 1883 Nowland, E.F., Wilmington, Philadelphia College of Medicine 1854 Negendank, A., Wilmington, Hahnemann Medical College 1887 Ogle, Howard M., Wilmington, Jefferson Medical College 1869 Ogle, A.M., New Castle, Jefferson Medical College 1882 Palmer, John, Jr., Wilmington, University of Pennsylvania 1882 Patterson, Henry, Christiana, University of Pennsylvania 1879 Peters B.B., Wilmington, Jefferson Medical College 1884 Powell, Jas. B.R., Wilmington, University of Pennsylvania 1878 Pyle, J.P., Wilmington, University of Pennsylvania 1883 Parm, John A., Wilmington, Dartmouth College 1870 Quimby, Watson F, Wilmington, Jefferson Medical College 1847 Rile, J. Harmer, Wilmington, Hahnemann Medical College 1879 Snitcher, H.C., Wilmington, Chicago Medical College 1868 Simms, John H., Wilmington, Eclectic Medical College, Pa. 1854 Shortlidge Evan G., Wilmington, University of Pennsylvania 1868 Springer, Willard, Wilmington, University of Pennsylvania 1874 Stewart, David, Jr., New Castle, University of Pennsylvania 1872 Skinner, W.T., Glasgow, University of Maryland 1870 Springer Francis L., Christiana, University of Pennsylvania 1877 Stubbs, Henry J., Wilmington, Jefferson Medical College 1868 Stubbs, Florence P., Wilmington, Woman’s Medical College 1881 Smith, J.W., Wilmington, Bellevue Medical College, New York 1870 Sovereen, A.W., Wilmington, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Ontario 1870 Stewart F.E., Wilmington, Jefferson Medical College 1879 Tomlinson, Peter W., Wilmington, Jefferson Medical College 1878 Thompson Hannah M., Wilmington, Woman’s Medical College 1883 Unger, T.C., University of Vienna (1872), Jefferson Medical College 1883 Veasey, James L., Summit Bridge, University of Maryland 1836 Vallandingham, Irving S., St. George’s, University of Maryland — Veazey, James L., Summit Bridge, University of Maryland 1883 West, Simeon L, Wilmington, Jefferson Medical College 1868 Welch, J.B., Wilmington, Pennsylvania Eclectic College 1870 Whistler, L.M., Newark, Pult. Medical College 1879 Ware, S.F., Wilmington, Jefferson Medical College 1883 Wilson, Henry R., Wilmington, University of New York 1883 Wales, John P., Wilmington, University of Pennsylvania 1852 White, Josephine M., Wilmington, Woman’s Medical College 1878 Wallace, Charles H., Wilmington, University of Pennsylvania 1886 The registered physicians of Kent County are as follows: James H. Wilson, University of Pennsylvania March 14, 1867 Isaac Jump, University of Pennsylvania March 6, 1836 C. Russell Jakes, University of Pennsylvania March 15, 1882 Fred. J. Owens, eight years’ practice. Robert Collins, eight years’ practice. Ezekiel Dawson, University of Pennsylvania April 4, 1853 Benjamin Whitely Jefferson Medical College March 9, 1869 Thomas Cahill, Jefferson Medical College March 29, 1848 Albert Whitely, Jefferson Medical College March 5, 1839 William Marshall, Jefferson Medical College March 25, 1847 George W. Marshall, Jefferson Medical College March 11, 1876 Nathan Pratt, University of Pennsylvania March 15, 1860 Ezekiel W. Cooper, University of Pennsylvania March, 1860 Frederick Spang, Jefferson Medical College March 20, 1860 P.S. Downs, University of Pennsylvania March 15, 1878 Thomas V. Cahall, Jefferson Medical College March 11, 1874 Bennet Downs, Jefferson Medical College March 12, 1873 Lemuel Bishop, University of Pennsylvania March 12, 1875 Robert W.S. Hirons, Jefferson Medical College March 7, 1857 John W. Warren, University of Pennsylvania March, 1868 William H. Cooper. R.W. Hargadine, University of Pennsylvania March 14, 1867 Thomas Clayton Frame, University of Pennsylvania March 14, 1866 James D.M. Temple, Jefferson Medical College March 11, 1874 Asbury M. Day, Albany, N.Y December 24, 1860 John W. Sharp, University of Pennsylvania April 8, 1851 William Ashcroft, University of Pennsylvania March 24, 1846 Benaiah L. Lewis, University of Pennsylvania March 13, 1873 John M. Klump, University of Pennsylvania March 15, 1881 John M. Downs, University of Med. and Surg., Phila March 10, 1865 William M. Parvis, University of Maryland March l, 1871 E. Morris Clark, Jefferson Medical College March 10, 1876 William T. Collins, Jefferson Medical College March 7, 1857 J.W. Clifton, University of Pennsylvania March 12, 1875 J. Addison Goodwin, University of Pennsylvania April, 1850 Miss Kate Woodhull, New York Infirmary 1873 Jefferson M. Luff, Jefferson Medical College March 12, 1881 Thomas D. Hubbard, Pennsylvania Medical College March 12 1854 John M. Wilkinson, eight years’ practice. James T. Massey, eight years’ practice. William L. Lafferty, University of Pennsylvania March 2, 1836 William T. Davis, Jefferson Medical College March 12, 1876 Luther S. Conwell, Jefferson Medical College March 29, 1884 Emanuel J. Brown, University of New York March 11, 1884 Robert H. Van Dyke, University of Maryland March 14, 1884 Lorenzo Chapman, L.I. College Hospital June 21, 1883 James Richardson, Jefferson Medical College April 2, 1885 Charles G. Harmonson, Jefferson Medical College March 1, 1884 Robert T. Barber, College of Phys. and Surg., Balt. March 15, 1886 Paris T. Carlisle, University of Pennsylvania May 2, 1887 Walker G. Wallis, Jefferson Medical College March 13, 1861 Edward S. Dwight, Yale June 29, 1876 James D. West, Ec. Col. of Med., Philadelphia January 24, 1865 Edwin B. Anderson, Homoeopathic College, Pa March 1, 1866 John M. Smith, Hahnemann Medical College March 10,1880 Curtis O. Livinney, Hahnemann Medical College March 13, 1878 Thomas Clayton Moore, Hahnemann Medical College April 2, 1884 Thomas O. Clements, Hahnemann Medical College March, 1880 Benjamin G. Frame, Hahnemann Medical College March 10, 1885 E.B. Fanning, Hahnemann Medical College April 2, 1885 The registered physicians of Sussex County are as follows: Marsh, Joseph W., Lewes and Rehoboth, Jefferson Medical College of Philadelphia 1861 Layton, Caleb Rodney, Georgetown, University of Pennsylvania 1876 Hitch, Wm. J., Laurel, University of Pennsylvania 1858 Richard, Chas. H., Georgetown, University of Pennsylvania 1851 Waples Jos, B., Georgetown, University of Maryland 1868 Fooks, John W., Millsborough, Jefferson Medical College of Philadelphia 1874 Hall, David, Lewistown, Pennsylvania Medical College 1852 Hopkins, James A., Milton, Jefferson Medical College 1858 Mustard, David L., Lewistown, Pennsylvania Medical College 1858 Roop, Francis A., Bethel, Columbian College Washington, D.C 1836 Mitchel, Lemuel P., Gelbyville, University of Maryland 1847 Ellegood, Robert G., Concord, Pennsylvania Medical College 1852 Ellegood, Joshua A., Laurel, Jefferson Medical College 1881 Sudler, Wm. F., Bridgeville, Jefferson Medical College 1864 Burton, Hiram R., Lewistown, University of Pennsylvania 1868 Palmer, David D., Bridgeville, University of Pennsylvania 1867 Collins, Lemuel H., Gumborough, Washington University of Baltimore, Md 1873 Fowler. Ed., Laurel, University of Maryland 1858 Prettyman, Geo. W., Milton, Jefferson Medical College 1873 Short, Jas. W., Gumborough, Jefferson Medical College 1871 Hitch Thomas A., Frankford McCabe, Edward H., Roxanna, Long Island College Hospital 1874 Gum, Francis M., Frankford, University of Pennsylvania 1871 Wolfe, Wm. E., Laurel, Jefferson Medical College 1857 Johns, Joseph F., Seaford, University of Pennsylvania 1870 Maull, George W., Georgetown, Jefferson College 1830 Stevens, James A., Lincoln, Jefferson Medical College 1882 Martin, Hugh, Seaford, University of Maryland 1853 Pierce, John O., Milford Philadelphia University of Medicine and Surgery 1868 Shipley, William I., Seaford, Washington University of Baltimore, Md 1873 Slemmens, Albert B., Delmar, University of Maryland 1855 Littlejohn, Jas. Curtis, Gumborough, University of Maryland 1883 Cockran, Millard F., Milton, University of Maryland 1884 Richardson, Rodney H., Lewes, University of Pennsylvania 1884 Prettyman, John S., Jr., Milford, University of Pennsylvania 1884 Robinson, Oliver D., Georgetown, University of Pennsylvania 1884 Orr, Wm. P., Jr., Lewes, University of Pennsylvania 1884 Wilson, Robert H.F., Milton, Jefferson Medical College 1886 Ammerman, Chas. W., Greenwood, Ohio Medical College, Cleveland 1883 Gillespie, James S., Lincoln, Jefferson Medical College 1885 Hickman, Harbeson, Jr., Lewes, University of Pennsylvania 1884 Cahall, Lawrence M., Bridgeville, Jefferson Medical College 1886 Wright, Josephus A., Delmar University of Maryland 1881 Ellegood, Robert, Concord, Jefferson Medical College 1886 Richardson, Braxton B., Frankford, University of Maryland 1887 Hopkins, Robert B., Milton, Jefferson Medical College 1887 Jones, William B., Millsborough, Jefferson Medical College 1887 Dawson, John G., Milford, Hahnemann Medical College, Chicago 1880 Underwood, Walter, Milton, Hahnemann Medical College, St. Louis, Mo., 1875.— Indiana Eclectic College of Medicine and Midwifery, Indianapolis, Ind. 1879 Johnson, Henry C., Greenwood, Eclectic Medical College, Pa 1856 McFadden, James P., Whitesville Knowles, J.H.D., Lewes, Eclectic Medical College, Pa 1860 Prettyman, John S., Milford, Physopathic Medical College, Cincinnati, O., 1850— American Medical College, 1855.— New York Eclectic Medical College 1867 Knowles, Jacob, Seaford, Eclectic Medical College, Pa. 1860 Harris, George Morrison, Lewes, Eclectic Medical College, N.Y. 1881 Underwood, Emma, Milton, Indiana College of Medicine and Midwifery, Indianapolis 1879 * By Lewis P. Bush, A.M., M.D. ** Jonas Stidham, a descendant, married Mary Colesbury. Their son was Isaac Stidham, M.D., who was born July 18, 1762. I. Cloud Elliott, of Wilmington, has in his possession Dr. Stidham’s surgical case, on which is neatly inscribed the name and title of the original owner. *** Justice John Moll, July 12, 1677, complained that Dr. Spry had without provocation, struck him with a cane. The latter apologized in open court, and was fined two hundred guilders, which Justice Moll gave to the church. On May 4, 1680, Dr. Spry presented a bill of two hundred guilders for curing the leg of Evert Brake, a poor man, and was given one hundred guilders and a cow. (4*) In December, 1791, the society received from John Dickinson, Esq., a letter with an enclosure of £33 3s. 4d. to furnish that object, and in the following year a further contribution for the same purpose. (5*) The original suggestion of this form of military hospital has by some been ascribed to Marshal Saxe. (6*) At the outbreak of the war he had prepared a work entitled "Economical Observations on Military Hospitals, and the Prevention and Cure of Diseases Incident to the Army," in which he elaborated the plan for hospital organization presented by him to Congress in 178l. In this work he condemned the practice which had hitherto prevailed of conforming to the organization which obtained in the European armies. This was the first publication on this subject which had been written in this country as the result of personal experience, and was highly commended by medical authorities of that day. (7*) Dr. Tilton was a member of and constant attendant at the Wilmington Presbyterian Church. Miss Montgomery in her reminiscences describes him as "about six feet tall, had dark hair, keen black eyes, very dark, swarthy complexion, loud and quick voice, finished in the art of chewing tobacco, always in a pleasant humor, no misanthrope, an old bachelor of the first order who always loved the society of ladies." In attending the levees in Washington, Dr. Tilton wore plain homespun clothes, one of the products of his farm. (8*) This sketch is taken from Dr. Luff’s autobiography, prepared and published privately by him for his family and friends. (9*) The light infantry of the battalion was composed chiefly of the sons of Quakers, men of property, and were popularly known as the silk-stocking gentry. (10*) In the "Life and Correspondence of George Read" several letters are found, dated the 4th and 7th of December, 1776, from General McKinley, as he is called, to George Read, then in Congress in Philadelphia, in which he says that "the troops of the first and second battalion of soldiers called for from Delaware to reinforce the American army at Philadelphia are not willing to march upon the terms set forth upon the requisition made by the proper authorities, to wit, to continue in service for three months, with no provisions for pay or supplies set forth. This being made dafinite, or satisfactory, they will readily go to Philadelphia." On December 16, 1776, in the same book, is a letter from Colonel Thomas Duff, of Newport, New Castle County, who says, "I am sorry to hear that Brigadier McKinley should discourage the men from marching. . . . I make what detense for the brigader that I can, but I am afraid that the backwardness which seemed to be shown by him and some others on this alarming occasion will grow here." William S. Read remarks: "These charges may be unfounded." Soon after this he was elected President of Delaware. Notwithstanding the doubts in regard to General McKinley’s position in military affairs, in the same work are several letters from George Read, Vice-President of the state (acting President), in relation to President McKinley, which are indicative of confidence on the part of Mr. Read. One letter, of November 25, 1777, was addressed to Commodore Griffith, commander of the English frigate "Solebay," then in the Delaware River, and was placed in the hands of Mr. George Latimer, together with a letter to President McKinley, to be delivered by permission of the commodore, in which he begs to have the President treated with all the indulgence and kindness possible. There is also a letter of the same date from Mr. Read to General Washington, in which he says, "we have been peculiarly unlucky in the captivity of our President and capture of our public papers, money and records," and entreats General Washington’s efforts towards procuring the President’s exchange as soon as practicable. "His usefulness," says he, "was such that his loss was severely felt throughout the State, and particularly by myself, upon whom the business of the executive department devolved." These letters show the solicitude of Mr. Read for the welfare of President McKinley, and for his release from the hands of the British, and evince a high opinion of Dr. McKinley in State affairs. (11*) Taken from a sketch by Dr. Edward Miller in the Delaware Register. (12*) Miss Montgomery in her reminiscences says: "He was an eminent physician, and a gentleman of the old school. His popularity was unbounded. He commenced practice in 1775, and was associated much with the officers of the American army, and with gentlemen from other States, which gave him acquaintances from abroad and drew to him many students, especially from South Carolina." There is probably an error in the above date, as Dr. Way graduated in 1771. (13*) Matthew Carey refers to this in his history of the epidemic: "Humane, tender and friendly as were the worthy inhabitants of Wilmington in general, two characters have distinguished themselves in such a very extraordinary manner as to deserve particular notice. These are Dr. Nicholas Way and Major George Bush, whose houses were always open to the fugitives from Philadelphia, whom they received without the smallest apprehension, and treated with a degree of genuine hospitality that reflects the highest honor upon them. "The instances of this kind through this extensive country have been very few; but they are, therefore, only the more precious, and ought to be held up to public approbation." (14*) It is stated that when General Lafayette was shot in the leg at the battle of Brandywine, Dr. Capelle rode up and offered to dress the wound, but the general declined his services, remarking that his injury was trivial, and the wounded soldiers were in more urgent need of the physician’s attentions. The general’s wound was bound up by a camp follower named Belle McCluskey, who, until her death, wore a bullet suspended from her neck, which she declared was taken from General Lafayette’s leg. When the general visited the United States in 1824, while in Wilmington he called on this old woman, and expressed his gratitude to her for her services on that occasion. (15*) During Dr. Sykes’ first period of practice at Dover, the community was greatly excited over a number of cases of mysterious poisoning, which Dr. Sykes soon traced to Peruvian bark, employed largely as a remedial agent, and found it contained red oxide of lead, a weighty and deleterious drug. Investigation showed that the druggist from whom the bark was obtained had employed a negro to reduce it to a powder, and the latter, being paid by the pound for the work, surreptitiously introduced the oxide of lead to increase his remuneration. In a sketch which Dr. J.F. Vaughan prepared for the State Medical Society and published in the Delaware Register, the "adulteration" was charged upon Philadelphia. (16*) One of Dr. Brinklê’s ancestors was a member of Penn’s Council, and on one occasion, considering that the Quaker proprietor was assuming too much power, he withdrew from the Council. Another ancestor, Edward Brinklé, in the reign of Edward VI. advocated the transfer of the confiscated monastic estates to the Protestant Church. (17*) Elizabeth Brinklé was a lineal descendant of Sir Henry Seymour, the grandfather of Edward VI. Her grandmother Gordon was the daughter of the Rev. Thomas Crawford, a native of Scotland, but a missionary of the Church of England to this colony. He was the first clergyman sent out by "the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts" after its organization in 1701, and the first rector of Christ Church, Dover. His wife was the only daughter of Arthur Meston, of Kent County. He was buried in the chancel of his church. (18*) Philip Barratt was the first of the name to settle in Delaware, where he acquired an extensive tract of land and engaged in farming and shipping bark and staves to Philadelphia, in a vessel belonging to him. He was a Methodist, and gave the site of the first church of that denomination in that section. It was built of brick imported from Holland, forty-four by forty-eight feet, and was at that time "far the grandest place of worship of the Methodists in America." It was begun in 1780 on Philip Barratt’s farm, where it still stands, and although used for worship, was not finished for sixty years. Philip Barratt was appointed high sheriff of Kent County by Caesar Rodney, President of the State, and was in office during the Revolutionary war. He protected Bishop Asbury from mob violence. He died in 1797. (19*) Dr. Baldwin was also a distinguished botanist, and wrote many valuable articles on this science and on medical topics. (20*) In order to demonstrate his confidence in vaccination as a protective agent, it is stated that on one occasion Dr. Black took his little son, Robert, who had been vaccinated some time previously, to a camp of Indians, then at Cooch’s Bridge, on their way to Washington, and in which there were some cases of small-pox, and placed him among the diseased Indians. The experiment proving a success, it did much to convince the community of the merits of vaccination. (21*) The pioneer of the Hall family in Delaware was Nathan, who had three sons— Colonel David Hall, who served in the Revolution; Peter, a lawyer; and Dr. Joseph Hall. On the mother’s side was Dr. Henry Fisher, who had two sons, Henry and John. Henry Fisher was a pilot, and afterwards major in the Revolutionary army. (22*) Elias Naudin, a Huguenot, and an ancestor of Dr. Arnold Naudain, was naturalized in London, March 8, 1682. His family consisted of his wife, Gahel Arnaud, and three children— Arnaud, Mary and Elizabeth. The Leroux family was also naturalized at the same time, and with the Naudins, came to this country about 1690. Elias Naudin’s son, Elias, great-grandfather of Dr. Naudain, married Lydia Leroux, July 21, 1715. He purchased a very large tract of land near Odessa, about 1716, where he erected a substantial residence with English bricks and native oak, which is still in the family. Elias Naudin was a member of the first Presbyterian Synod in Philadelphia, in 1717. (23*) Dr. Brinckle was the recipient of many testimonials, among them a silver vase from the commissioners of Spring Garden District, Philadelphia, for distinguished professional services as chief of the medical staff of Buttonwood Street Hospital, and member of the Philadelphia Board of Health during the cholera epidemic of 1832. (24*) The Bonwill family were originally from Normandy, and in the time of William, Duke of Normandy, and later in English history, were conspicuous. When Henry VI. was made a prisoner at the battle of Southampton he was placed in charge of William, Lord Bonville, who was captured at the second battle of St. Alban’s and beheaded. (25*) Dr. Bird was the author of "Calavar, the Infidel," "Hawk of Hawk-Hollow," "Nick of the Woods," "Sheppard Lee," "Peter Pilgrim" and "Robin Day," and dramatized "The Gladiator," "The Broker of Bogota," "Oraloora," "Metamora" and "Pelopidas." (26*) The male ancestors of the Barr family all bore the names of John or Martin. Their family dated back to the twelfth century. They were always Protestant, and belonged to the Albigenses. In 1580 they removed to the South of France, near Languedoc, and remained there until the revocation of the Edict of Nantes forced them to flee to England. There they met William Penn, and selling all the family jewels came with him to America, and settled In Pennsylvania, near Lancaster city. There they purchased thirty thousand acres of land. The head of the family, John Barr, built or purchased a mill, and during the Revolutionary War supplied Washington at Valley Forge with flour. John and Martin were born there. The latter studied medicine in Philadelphia with Dr. Benjamin Rush, graduated at the University of Pennsylvania in 1816, and settled in Middletown, where he died in 1874. (27*) On February 16, 1730, Robert Ferris, from the North of Ireland, bought from James Sykes two hundred and eighty acres of land in Pencader Hundred, which Sykes had purchased from John Welsh, and he from the original Welsh proprietors. This property is now in the possession of D. Brainerd Ferris, brother of Dr. Charles E. Ferris Robert Ferris died in 1749; and his son William, who married Jane Steel, bought in 1750, of Henry Whiteside, a tract of land in Pencader Hundred of one hundred and fifteen acres, which is now in possession of William I. Ferris, his great-great-grandson. William Ferris died in 1760; his son, Jacob, married Kesia Sharp, and died in 1818. His son was the father of Dr. Chas. E. Ferris, who was the second of four children. He died February 22, 1858. (28*) This sketch and the remainder of this chapter were prepared and inserted by the editor. (29*) Dr. John Vaughan, an eminent practitioner of that day, attended a large number of the yellow fever patients of this period in Wilmington, and by request of the American Philosophical Society published a history of the origin and nature of the disease. Dr. Vaughan introduced vaccination in Wilmington in 1802.